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Welve been bashing the idea of "little teeny farms."
March 28, 2010: The Problem With
Little Teeny Farms
The reason we are bashing this idea is because it is so much a part of
Americans' self-image. This "little teeny farm" idea has completely
consumed the American imagination, producing endless problems. The U.S.
suburbs are basically a product of the "little teeny farm" fixation
implanted in people's heads. This dates from long before the automobile --
indeed, you can trace it back to about 1780 or so. (Oddly enough, before 1780
it doesn't seem to be a problem. In those days, when everyone genuinely was a
farmer, they dreamed of having some European-style metropolises.)
July 26, 2009: Let's Take a Trip
to an American Village 3: How the Suburbs Came to Be
July 19, 2009:
Let's Take a Trip to an American Village 2: Downtown
July 12, 2009:
Let's Take a Trip to an American Village
It pops up again in the various fever dreams of the
"sustainability" types, whose solution to all problems, always and
everywhere, is some sort of "little teeny farm." For a long time,
this was the "twenty acre self-sufficient homestead in the backwoods of
Idaho" model. Now they all want to make their suburban 1/8th acre plots
into "little teeny farms." There is nothing particularly wrong with
this as a hobby, which is to say, a means of amusement, but is it not
a method of producing a meaningful quantity of food! They seem to think they
are being very creative with this, when in fact they are replaying the same
tired fantasies that have formed the core of the suburban ideal for over two
hundred years.
March 7, 2010: Let's Take a Trip
to Suburban Hell
In short, the "little teeny farm" idea is a terrible way to make
farms -- farms should be much larger -- and an even more terrible way
to make cities. Which is to say, it isn't good for anything at all.
I hope that by the end of this piece, you will understand the difference
between a little teeny farm fantasy and a real, live, working
family farm. And, a real, live, working city.
April 19, 2009: Let's Kick Around
the "Sustainability" Types
A little teeny farm fantasy involves something between a suburban backyard
and about three acres. A real family farm is more like 200 acres, and
produces enough food for ten to twenty families.
It would be wonderful if we could have some real family farms (as opposed to
an agribusiness goliath) producing food in the manner of the permaculturists
and other progressive farmer types. This has nothing to do with the little
teeny farm fantasy.
Lastly, I hope we will finally understand the interplay between the farm and
the city. The farm is something like 200 acres. The city is a Traditional
City, not a suburban 1/4-acre erstaz-farm.
* * *
Some people have been pushing the notion that a family of four can be
sustained with a 3000 square foot garden.
Oh really? That's about 50x60 feet. Which is actually a pretty large garden,
by hobby garden standards.
Let's think about this.
A square mile has 27.878 million square feet. There are 640 acres in a square
mile. Each acre has 43,560 square feet. Thus, 3,000 square feet is 0.0689
acres. This is about the size of a typical "suburban backyard garden,"
if you use most of the available space.
The highest calories per acre are probably attained with grains, such as
wheat or rice. You aren't going to get there with lettuce and asparagus.
One of the highest naturally-obtained grain yields per acre that I know of is
Masanobu Fukuoka's farm in Japan. Using all natural techniques, he averaged
1,300 pounds of rice per quarter-acre, which is probably the highest natural
rice yield in the world. That's 5,200 pounds per ace. Rice farms in
California can do up to 9,000 lbs per acre of rice, with chemical
fertilizers, irrigation, GMO seeds, optimal climate and so forth.
For 2007-2008, the average U.S. wheat yield per acre was 41 bushels per acre.
A bushel of wheat has 60 pounds. So, that's 2,460 pounds of wheat per acre.
That is with every sort of chemical fertilizer, genetically-modified seed,
pesticide and so forth. (Single farms using corn can do much better. The
record for a single farm in 2002 was 442 bushels of corn per acre.)
The average wheat yield per acre in the U.S. in 1899 was 12.5 bushels, or 750
pounds. This represents professional farmers with refined traditional
technique but without chemical fertilizers, GMO seeds and so forth. Clumsy
amateur farmers would do well under this.
Since I will assume that the prospective gardener will not be using chemical
fertilizers or GMO seeds, let's take the 1899 average. Thus, at 750
pounds/acre and 0.0689 acres, we get 52 pounds of wheat.
There is some loss as the wheat is processed into flour. However, let's just
use that figure. At 1,700 calories/pound, that's about 88,400 calories of
food energy. With four people in the family, that's 22,100 calories per
person. At 2,500 calories per day for an adult (could be higher especially if
outdoor labor is involved), that's 8.84 days' worth of food per person. I
suppose kids will eat a little less.
So, we can see that your little 3000sf garden certainly will not feed a
family for a year. It might feed a family for a week, and that's only if they
like plain bread a lot.
Let's say you are an ultimate natural farming master, like Fukuoka. Then,
your 3000sf garden would produce about 358 pounds of rice in a year. I'll
spare you the math, but it works out to 61 days of food per person per year.
Let's reverse-engineer it. Using the 1899 yield of 750 pounds/acre, how many
acres would it take to feed a family of four? Let's make some assumptions:
The family eats a very wheat-intensive diet. The grain is not used to feed
livestock. Let's say they average one pound of wheat per person per day. (You
could mix with oats, barley, corn, beans and so forth. We will assume that
the yield/acre for other grains and beans are similar.) This would mean
365 pounds of wheat/grains/beans per person. This is supplemented by some other
vegetables. We will assume for now that they do not raise any domesticated
animals. Thus, a family of four would need 365x4=1,460 pounds of
wheat/grains/beans per year (maybe a little less with kids). This is just
about two acres of wheat at 750 pounds/acre.
Plus, we want some vegetables and so forth, to provide the additional 800
calories a day to get us up to 2,500 calories/day. Let's add another acre of
tomatoes, lettuce, zucchini and so forth. Now we're up to three acres. This
is without any cows, pigs, chickens or goats -- or horses to pull the plow --
on a strictly vegetarian diet (possibly supplemented by wild game). Since
this is the most efficient conversion of sunlight into food, this three acres
represents about the minimum possible amount of land.
However, the farm itself might be larger than three acres. We need some space
for the house, and maybe a yard. Also, we want some trees and woodlands. If
you want to use wood heat, you need at least one acre of woodland for each
cord of wood per year. Two acres would be better. Let's add two acres of
woodland, although actually more like six acres is more realistic. Now we're
up to six acres -- three acres of farmland, an acre for the house, yard,
driveway, etc., and two acres of woodland. With six acres of woodland, we are
up to ten acres.
The family is "self sufficient," but it doesn't have any surplus to
sell. To generate a surplus, the family needs to grow more than it eats.
Let's say that each farming family grows enough food for three families. Thus,
one-third of the population are farmers. This would mean about nine acres
growing food per farm -- assuming that everyone is eating a highly efficient
grain-intensive vegetarian diet. Historically, until the introduction of
mechanical tractors and trucks, about one-third of a farm was used to graze
horses. So, our land needs increase by 50% to 13.5 acres if you want to have
a horse to pull the plow. (Fukuoka didn't till the land, so he didn't need a
tractor or a horse.) Add some space for the house and woodlands, and we're up
to 17 acres or so. This is still before domesticated food animals.
I think we can see that the "grow food in your suburban backyard"
idea is a complete fantasy. Realistically, a farming family should have at
least twenty acres, and that is a bare minimum.
At present, about 2% of the U.S. population is engaged in farming (I don't
know if this includes whole families or just farm workers). They farm about
411 million acres. 2% of the U.S. population is about 6.2 million people.
Thus, the acres-per-farmer ratio is about 66 acres/person. The
acres-per-person ratio is about 1.33 (411 million acres/309 million U.S.
population). Much of this production goes to wasteful livestock feed. Some is
exported. However, this also represents very high per-acre yields obtained
with chemical fertilizers and GMO seeds. Based on this figure, we get 5.32
acres for a family of four.
In 1900, the average farm in Illinois was 125 acres. In 1850, the U.S.
average was about 200 acres.
* * *
What could be possible, and what most of the "little teeny
farm" advocates are really talking about, is producing fresh fruits and
vegetables. They aren't really talking about producing grains, beans, meats
(usually), dairy or oils, which can amount to 80% or more of the typical diet.
Can you produce enough lettuce, tomatoes and zucchini in your 3000sf hobby
garden to give/sell some of it to your friends and neighbors during the
summer and harvest season? With a bit of basil and thyme? Sure, and why not?
If you already have a suburban backyard, you might as well grow zucchini or
blueberries instead of grass. This is fun. That's what makes backyard
gardening a fun hobby. But, there's a difference between having some fresh
zucchini in August, and feeding a family for an entire year.
One reason I call this a "hobby" is that it doesn't make a good
business. Let's say you want to grow lettuce in your suburban backyard hobby
garden, and sell it to your neighbors. Great! Who wouldn't love local,
fresh-grown lettuce instead of something from 3000 miles away? Let's say you
sell lettuce for $2 a head. If you sold a thousand heads of lettuce, you
would have gross revenue of $2000. Think about the labor and expense involved
in growing and harvesting and selling (don't forget the selling) a thousand
heads of lettuce, from your suburban backyard garden. You better love
lettuce. For this, you get $2000 of revenue, per year, before covering your
expenses. It probably works out to less than minimum wage. You would only do
it "for fun." That's why I call it a hobby.
Some people are into raising chickens in their suburban backyard. I am
familiar with this, because I used to live in a house in central Seattle
where the next door neighbor raised about six chickens underneath his
backyard deck. Also, my local egg lady raises chickens.
How many chickens? Well, how many chickens do you eat? How about one chicken
per week for your family? That is not much meat -- especially if you have a
real chicken, not a modern mutant chicken bloated by growth hormones.
Obviously, you would have to raise 52 chickens per year to provide that much
meat. Are you ready to raise 52 chickens in your suburban backyard? My local
egg lady raises about 50 chickens for her personal use. (It's hard to sell
meat, because it is highly regulated.) But, she lives on a former 19th
century chicken farm. She still has the original commercial-size chicken
houses. She would laugh if you called it a "backyard." She likes to
live in the country so she can have acreage, not a backyard.
She does have some extra eggs to sell. I ride there on my bike (singlespeed,
naturally) and buy them for $3 per dozen. You can work out how many dozen you
would have to sell to get $3,000 in gross revenue.
If you want to raise a half-dozen chickens in your suburban backyard, while your
husband is off working at the telecommunications company or law firm or
software developer, go right ahead. Kind of like Marie Antoinette and her
peasant cottage. If it was good enough for the Queen of France -- and
Michelle Obama -- then what are you waiting for? I am all for eccentric
hobbies, as long as they aren't too smelly.
I buy about two dozen eggs a month, for a total of $6, and don't raise
chickens in my backyard.
Unfortunately, the "sustainability" types are motivated almost
entirely by symbolism. They think that with enough symbolic gestures -- six
tomato plants, a Prius, organic cotton underwear and a solar oven -- they can
"save the world." Let me tell you what: six tomato plants, a Prius,
organic cotton underwear and a solar oven doesn't mean jack shit.
Which doesn't mean that you can't enjoy it. But it is really no different --
in terms of resource and energy use -- than having none of that at all. If
you live in 3500sf in Suburban Hell and commute 35 miles to work in your
Prius, and have six tomato plants and resuable shopping bags ... so what.
Living in an urban environment, like New York (but nicer), where you don't
own a car, and ride trains, and have a small apartment instead of a 1/4-acre
ersatz mini-farm -- now that has a real effect.
* * *
Last note on the Prius: The Prius gets about 51 mpg in the city and 48 mpg on
the highway. It costs $22,800 in the base model, and is rumored to be a
money-loser at that price due to the expensive batteries and electric motors
in the vehicle. It has a max horsepower of 134hp, and weighs 3,042 pounds. It
seats four.
Batteries are going to be a much bigger problem than people think. The Tesla
Roadster runs on 6,000 cellphone batteries. Do you have a cellphone? I do.
How often do you have to replace the battery? I replace mine about once a
year. Are you ready to replace an additional six thousand batteries per year?
To fulfull your "sustainability" fantasies?
The Tata Nano has a 35 horsepower gasoline engine. It weighs 1,300 lbs, and
seats four. It costs about $2,000, and is making a profit for Tata at that
price. This is right in line with the original Volkswagen Beetle, which
weighed about 1,600 lbs and had 28hp. The Nano gets 52mpg in the city and
61mpg on the highway.
The Prius has hundreds of pounds of expensive rare earth minerals and
non-ferrous metals, like lithium, nickel, cobalt and copper. These require
huge mining and smelting operations, like the bad guys in the movie Avatar.
(I've spent much of the last six years researching mining companies like
these, so I have an idea of how that metal is obtained. Although mining company
execs genuinely try to make the process as harmless as possible, it is not a
pretty thing.) The Nano is made almost completely of iron and aluminum, two
of the most common minerals in the earth's crust.
No batteries required.
We would be better off riding trains than using cars. But, if you have to
have a car, and you want an eco-friendly one, take a Nano instead of a Prius.
* * *
Now that I've spent the last couple thousand words kicking sand in the face
of the "sustainability" types and the "little teeny farm"
fantasists, let me say a few words in their favor.
I think that a number of the recent group of
let's-grow-tomatoes-in-the-backyard types are genuinely motivated by
concerns/visions of economic collapse. They don't necessarily say this, or even
think it, but it is inherent in their personal vision.
This is not entirely irrational. Indeed, given that Dmitry Orlov, for
example, witnessed firsthand the period during the 1990s when urban Russian
people sustained themselves with tiny neighborhood gardens, you might say it
could be very relevant.
Let's think about this: What are the characteristics of a collapse period?
1) You have to deal with what
you have at the time of collapse. You aren't going to be making any trains,
or new buildings, or what have you -- just scavenging among the existing
infrastructure.
2) Likewise, people generally aren't going to be moving here and there
(unless things get so bad that they become refugees), but sticking with their
existing house in their existing city, at least at first.
3) All kinds of transportation could become unavailable or unusable.
"Collapse" is actually quite common. If you look at all the major
developed countries in the world during the 20th century -- Italy, Germany,
Japan, Russia, the U.S. -- we see that most all of them had some period of
economic collapse, in this case mostly due to World War II and also the
post-Soviet Union period.
At least 500,000 -- possibly as many as eight million -- Germans died of
starvation in the 1945-1949 period after World War II. We don't like to think
about that much.
Crimes and Mercies: the Fate of
German Civilians under Allied Occupation, 1944-1950
Let's say there was an "economic collapse." The exact details or
causes hardly matter. The basic characteristics are that you no longer have a
job, and you can no longer easily buy things in the stores that come from thousands
of miles away. In this case, for simple survival purposes, you might have to
try to grow some food somehow. In practice, you can often obtain grains in
some fashion, because grains are easy to transport. We send bags of grain to
starving people in Rwanda for example. However, we don't send them ripe
tomatoes. So, the survival farmer might get their grain somehow (not too
difficult if you are near the water where ships can dock), but they need to
provide their own vegetables. (If they were really left to their own devices
to produce all caloric intake, most urban residents would simply perish.)
It might be nice if a lot of people had at least a little experience with
producing food.
These "collapse" periods don't last forever. About five or ten years,
maybe. After that period, either there is some recovery of the previous
arrangement, so you can use the old existing stuff, or you start creating a
new arrangement, and thus you start building things. For example, if, after
five or ten years, you had no expectation that automobiles would ever be
available again, except for a couple local warlords driving around in their
G-Wagons, then you would go about arranging your activities so that you
didn't need an automobile. On a large scale, this could be a no-car
Traditional City.
I suppose some people would claim that all such "new arrangements"
would be impossible, for some reason like fossil fuels are not available or
what have you. This is nonsense. The fact of the matter is, people have time
and energy and problems to solve, so they solve them. Why do you think people
built trains in the first place? Because they wanted to get from Point A to
Point B overland, in a way that was less laborious than a horse-drawn wagon
on a dirt road. And they did it with their bare hands, without fossil fuels
(the early trains burned wood), because they had time and energy and problems
to solve.
Existing structures would be used at first, but over time, you have to go to
where you can make a living, as an agriculturalist perhaps or as some sort of
urban craft/profession/service provider. So, you will go to that new place,
and if existing structures are not appropriate, then you will make some new
ones. Detroit, for example, is full of once-beautiful existing structures, but
they have been abandoned because nobody can make a living in Detroit, so they
have gone somewhere else. Even at a price of near-zero, nobody wants them. In
the same way, many suburban houses may eventually be abandoned (especially if
automobile transport becomes a rarity) for the simple reason that there is no
longer any reason to live in a particular suburb.
What if, for example, you lived in San Francisco's East Bay, and for some
reason gasoline became unavilable? At first, you would probably sit and wait
with crossed fingers that gasoline becomes available again. Then, after time,
maybe it becomes clear that gasoline will never be available again at a price
that justifies the daily use of personal automobiles. Then what? Maybe the
BART train is still running, because people still need to move, so they
figure out a way to keep it running, because it is a heck of a lot easier to
maintain one line of rail track than it is to maintain thousands of miles of
paved road and hundreds of thousands of personal automobiles. Then, the areas
that are within a couple miles of the BART station (and maybe on the water)
become very desirable, and those areas that are accessible only by car become
less desirable. Eventually, people abandon their houses in the distant suburbs
and pile into the existing houses near the BART station, until there are
fifteen people per house. This is rather uncomfortable, so they start
building some new houses near the BART station. Thus the new arrangement
emerges.
I think that many of these "little teeny farm" types are really
talking about collapse. I, on the other hand, am talking about the
arrangement that follows collapse. Of course, you don't have to have a
collapse. You could just have a voluntary transition to a new arrangement.
Dmitry Orlov has some good points about a "voluntary transition to a new
arrangement." This is common on a personal level. You don't like your
job organizing the marketing of household soap products, so you get into the
television business. Or, you don't like living in Chicago, so you move to
Miami. Happens all the time.
However, this flexibility doesn't translate to the civilizational level. So
many people and entities are enjoying and profiting from the existing
arrangement, that often nobody can change the arrangement, even if the
arrangement as a whole is disintegrating. We see this with the U.S.
healthcare system, for example. Nobody thinks this is a good system. A move
to the sort of single-payer system common in other developed countries would
be a logical choice. (Not necessarily the best choice, but logical
considering that there are many examples of acceptable results with this
system.) However, it is very difficult to actually transition to that new
arrangement, because of all the interests that profit from the existing
arrangement. Instead, with the Obama healthcare bill, we have in some sense a
futher intensification and entrenchement of the existing system. The same old
thing, just more of it.
Thus, on the large scale, it is quite common that systems simply continue as
they are until they collapse. Only after the collapse, when all the
entrenched interests have gone extinct, are people free to establish a new
arrangement.
On the other hand, it doesn't have to be this way. We replaced kerosene lamps
with electric lights, without having a kerosene-lamp collapse.
Within the context of collapse, a lot of what the "little teeny
farm" and "self-sufficiency" types say is quite relevant, so maybe
they are serving a purpose here whose importance will become apparent later
on.
Maybe
Michelle Obama knows something?
Nathan Lewis
Nathan Lewis was formerly the chief international
economist of a leading economic forecasting firm. He now works in asset
management. Lewis has written for the Financial Times, the Wall Street
Journal Asia, the Japan Times, Pravda, and other publications. He has
appeared on financial television in the United States, Japan, and the Middle
East. About the Book: Gold: The Once and Future Money (Wiley, 2007, ISBN:
978-0-470-04766-8, $27.95) is available at bookstores nationwide, from all
major online booksellers, and direct from the publisher at
www.wileyfinance.com or 800-225-5945. In Canada, call 800-567-4797.
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