I received an interesting email on Saturday from Bob Hoye
at Institutional
Advisors regarding "Currency Wars".
Bob writes ...
Currency wars are very much the talk of the times. This
was also the case in the last postbubble contraction when many countries
sought to enhance exports through depreciation. And "beggar thy
neighbour" policy was a feature of the early 1930s as well.
This time around it is an intelligentsia stricken by the fear of deflation,
trying to ramp up anything that trades. But commodity markets and producer
prices have not been "accommodating" central bankers. Instead there
has been rampant inflation in financial assets, which has reached excessive
levels of speculation. Clearly, it is a "beggar thy taxpayer"
policy.
Currency Wars and QE Strain Life Insurance Companies
and Taxpayers
Bob gets credit for the phrase "beggar thy taxpayer" but I
have been thinking along those lines for quite some time.
Pension plan assumptions are always on my mind and a Financial Times
article earlier this month puts a spotlight on the problem. Please consider Draghi’s QE Strains German life Assurers.
In a report published on Wednesday, Moody’s said the
“profitability and solvency” of the industry in Germany would come under
further strain from the European Central Bank’s bond buying.
German life companies, which have estimated liabilities of more than €700bn,
sell policies that offer annual guaranteed returns to policyholders, who use
the products to save for retirement.
Similar products are sold across Europe, but the guarantees have been
particularly generous in Germany.
The ECB’s plan to buy €60bn worth of bonds each month has further
depressed yields, giving the industry greater concerns. The yield on Germany’s
benchmark 10-year bond has fallen to 0.35 per cent
To help cope with the pressure, insurers have been reducing the returns they
pledge to policyholders. The maximum guarantee sanctioned by authorities
in Germany is now 1.25 per cent. The industry has also sought to sell
more products that have no guarantees — effectively placing the investment
risks with policyholders instead of shareholders.
However, the insurers still need to meet commitments from policies sold in
previous years, for which the guarantees have been as high as 4 per cent.
Negative Returns With 4% Promises
Insurers have made 4% promises but long-term bonds yield close to zero.
Benjamin Serra, senior credit officer at Moody’s said "They
are increasingly constrained by the high level of guarantees sold in the
past." 2015 will be a “pivotal and challenging year” for Germany’s
life assurance industry. Moody's maintained a “negative outlook” for the
sector.
As of Friday, 10-year German bonds yield 0.39%. Five-year German bonds
yield -0.07%.
Recall that the ECB pledged on January 22 to buy 60 billion euros ($68
billion) of assets a month for at least 19 months in its inane pledge to
avert deflation. Buy from where?
Hoarding Bonds
Reuters asked an interesting question last Friday: ECB's Draghi wants to buy bonds, but who will sell?
Weeks before the European Central Bank begins a program to
buy about 1 trillion euros of euro zone government bonds, banks, pension
funds and insurers across the continent are hoarding them for regulatory or
accounting reasons.
"We prefer to hold on to them," said Antoine Lissowski,
deputy CEO at French insurer CNP Assurances. "The ECB's policy ... is
reaching its limits now."
Insurers and pension funds typically buy long-term debt. They could make
hefty profits selling to the ECB. But the money would have to be re-invested
in other bonds whose yields would be much lower than their long-term commitments
to clients -- a regulatory no-no.
"If we were to sell bonds, we would make huge capital gains, but we
will then have to reinvest that money at a yield of 0.5 percent, set against
liabilities at 3.50-3.75 (percent)," said Bart de Smet, the CEO of
Belgian insurer Ageas.
RBS strategists see a 40 percent chance that ECB purchases would help turn
German 10-year Bund yields negative this year.
US Yield Curve
US Promises
In the US, pension funds have not made 1.25% promises or even 4% promises,
but rather 7.0%+ promises with the 10-year bond yielding 2.13%.
Annuities promise 6% or so.
How you get 6% in a 2% world?
The correct answer is: you don't. But insurers and pension plans try,
by taking risks. And the more risk they take, and the more margin they use on
risk drives prices higher and higher into bubble territory.
Seven Year Negative Returns
As of January 31, 2015, Stock and bond prices are so stretched that GMO's 7-Year Asset Class Real Return Forecast shows negative
real returns for seven years in US equities and bonds.
"The chart represents real return forecasts for several asset classes
and not for any GMO fund or strategy. These forecasts are forward‐looking statements
based upon the reasonable beliefs of GMO and are not a guarantee of future
performance. Forward‐looking
statements speak only as of the date they are made, and GMO assumes no duty
to and does not undertake to update forward‐looking statements. Forward‐looking statements
are subject to numerous assumptions, risks, and uncertainties, which change
over time. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in
forward‐looking
statements. U.S. inflation is assumed to mean revert to long‐term inflation of
2.2% over 15 years."
As of December 31, 2014 GMO managed $116 billion in assets.
Broken Model
In the US, pension plans have aggressively shifted from investing in AAA
rated bonds to equities and junk bonds because yields in US treasuries and
AAA rated corporates is not high enough.
Denial that this has happened is nearly everywhere one looks. Of course the
Fed, and most others, cannot and will not see a bubble until it bursts wide
open.
Even if the air is let out slowly (something that has never happened in
practice), negative real returns, and perhaps zero nominal returns for seven
years is the only other plausible outcome unless one expects an even bigger
bubble coupled with even longer negative returns in the future.
I will do a follow-up on this broken model later this week with a look at US
pension plans, especially State of Illinois promises that absolutely cannot
be met.
Mike "Mish" Shedlock
http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com
