Dollar hegemony is a tough nut to crack.
China is taking another baby step in promoting the internationalization of
the renminbi and nibble on the hegemony of the US dollar: It’s pushing a
proposal to add a pile of yuan to the $240 billion currency swap agreement
between ASEAN plus China, Japan, and South Korea, in order reduce the
system’s reliance on the US dollar and to enhance its own economic clout in
the region, according to the Nikkei.
On May 2, the finance ministers and central bankers of ASEAN – Singapore,
Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia,
and Myanmar – along with those from China, Japan, and Korea will meet in Fiji
to discuss modifications to the swap agreement, the Chiang Mai Initiative.
China, which co-chairs the meeting with Thailand, has added language to
the draft joint statement concerning use of Asian-currency contributions to
the pool – which for now is still entirely in dollars – as “one option” to
enhance the swap arrangement.
“Allowing participants to access Asian currencies in an emergency could
encourage their use in other contexts, including foreign exchange reserves,
the thinking goes,” the Nikkei said. “The idea also anticipates a long-term
rise in demand for these currencies in regional investment and trade.”
“China in particular sees it as another step on the path to
internationalizing the yuan and expanding its economic influence in the
region. But the proposal is likely to be complicated by U.S. alarm at the
prospect of Beijing expanding its currency’s role at the dollar’s expense.”
The Chiang Mai Initiative was a response to the 1997 Asian currency
crisis. It consists of a pool of US dollars, contributed by members, that
members can draw on when their currencies come under attack. Since its
establishment in 2000, the dollar pool has been increased to $240 billion.
China is now lobbying the other members to add yuan and yen to that pool.
This is just one more effort by China to internationalize its currency,
which has been a tough and thankless slog so far, despite the size of the
Chinese economy and its giant weight in the global economic fabric.
In terms of global reserve currency, the renminbi (RMB) has a share of
only 1.9%, in fifth place, and barely ahead of the Canadian dollar, but miles
behind the US dollar (61.7%) and the euro (20.7%). Over the past two years,
the RMB has made only microscopic headway as a reserve currency.
And as an international payments currency, the RMB has failed similarly to
crack the co-hegemony of the dollar and the euro.
“With more than 1,900 financial institutions now using the RMB for
payments with China and Hong Kong, the internationalization of RMB carries
great strategic significance” for banks and financial institutions, gushes SWIFT
(Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication), which tracks
the progress of the RMB as payment currency.
But in March 2019, the RMB had a minuscule share of merely 1.22% for
international cross-border payments by value (cross-border payments from one
Eurozone country to another Eurozone country are excluded). This minuscule
share put the RMB in 8th position, just behind the Swiss franc:
Two years ago, in March 2017, the RMB’s share had been 1.05%. In other
words, in two years, the share of the RMB had ticked up by a whopping 17 basis
points, from 1.05% to 1.22%. At this pace – about 8.5 basis points per year –
the RMB will reach a share of 3% by 2040.
Meanwhile, the dollar’s share increased to 45.58%, from 45.44% two years
ago; and the euro’s share increased to 32.80%, from 32.28% two years ago. So
by this measure, and for this time span, the RMB made minuscule progress
against smaller currencies but lost ground against the dollar and euro.
So chipping away at the dollar-euro co-hegemony as payments currencies
will take some patience and lots of baby steps, such as China’s efforts to
add yuan to the swap arrangement under the Chiang Mai Initiative.
The troubled internationalization of the RMB was topic of a 2018 report by
SWIFT’s Chief Executive of APAC & EMEA, Alain Raes, looking back on 2017,
when the RMB internationalization had actually backtracked.
On one hand, its internationalization was supported by major trends, such
as:
- The growth of cashless payments, “mainly driven by the
digital giants Alipay and WeChat Pay”
- “The far-reaching Belt & Road Initiative”
- “The globalization of Chinese banks and their adoption
of SWIFT gpi”
- “The progress of China’s Cross-border Interbank Payment
System (CIPS).”
On the other hand, there was this: “Despite these trends, there are a
number of critical success factors necessary for widespread adoption of the
RMB.”
And that’s where it gets tough. The headwinds the RMB faces “in the short
term” include “capital controls imposed by the Chinese government” and
“ongoing concerns over the Chinese currency’s depreciation.”
The report sees the Belt and Road Initiative as China’s key strategy to
muscle in on the dollar as a payments and finance currency. The Belt and Road
Initiative involves large infrastructure projects in Asia, Europe
(particularly Eastern Europe), the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa.
“There is opportunity for China to use the RMB as a currency” for these
projects, and Chinese companies could “potentially move to transactions
denominated in RMB,” SWIFT’s report said. “Not unexpectedly, banks are
stepping up to take advantage of the shift.”
“China is also pushing countries along the BRI to allow greater usage of
the RMB, though countries are not always responding favorably,” SWIFT says,
thus listing another headwind for the RMB: Resistance from other countries.
China is known to be patient and can measure progress in decades, rather
than in quarters. But the progress of the RMB’s internationalization must be
nerve-wracking slow, even for China.
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