Over the past month, there has been a deluge of news
heralding a new era of palladium, which has soared above the $1000 per ounce
mark for the first time in the past 16 years. Moreover, palladium also
overtook platinum and is still being traded at a premium to it. The
overwhelming majority (78 percent) of the world’s palladium is used in
gasoline-fueled cars’ catalytic converters, with minor volumes going into
electronic resistor production and dental construction. A plethora of factors
has been conducive to the latest palladium surge – rising gasoline sales in
Europe, robust car sales in the predominantly gasoline market of China,
hurricane-damaged households buying new cars in the United States, all this
against the background of tight palladium production supplies. But will the
current price level stay or is a massive bust lurking behind the corner?
Evidence suggests the former.
The main reason behind palladium’s overtaking platinum
lies within the development course the global automotive industry has taken.
Whilst palladium is used primarily in gasoline cars, palladium’s sister metal
platinum is generally applied in diesel cars – following Volkswagen’s diesel
emission scandal and shattered confidence in Diesel cars (most notably in
Europe where the market share of once-prevailing diesel cars has fallen below
45 percent) the two metals have been moving into opposite directions.
Moreover, hybrids combine a gasoline engine with an electric motor, further
boosting the utilization of palladium. Palladium’s usage in automotive
catalytic converters rose by more than 55 percent in the last 10 years,
whilst its more traditional method of use, as a jewelry item, has been in a
state of freefall, decreasing to a mere quarter of its 2006 demand.
Graph 1. Annual palladium supply vs. median annual
palladium price.
(Click to enlarge)
Source: Thomson Reuters, Johnson Matthey.
The average annual palladium price median (Graph 1) does
not really convey the intensity with which palladium prices reacted to
post-2008 developments. In February-March 2008, for instance, palladium
prices hovered around $500 per ounce, by the end of the year, however, it
came crashing down to $170-180 per ounce levels. Palladium prices witnessed
sharp falls in almost regular 7-year intervals between 2000 and 2015, under
various circumstances. The 2001 price plunge was the direct result of the
hype the Russian palladium stock sale generated in the 1990s, and brought
about a period of several years during which the prices oscillated in the
$200-350 per ounce interval. The promising 2008 price surge was cut short by
the ensuing financial crisis, as a consequence it was only in 2010 when
palladium found itself above the $600 per ounce mark.
Another decrease took place in 2015 (see Graph 2) at a
time when market participants feared that a Chinese stock market crash might
pull with itself down the consumption sector, too. As all this took place
against the background of Europe struggling to resolve the Greek debt crisis,
needless to say fears about the whole EU eventually crumbling down abounded,
palladium’s slump was inevitable. Today’s outlook, however, is significantly
brighter – with supply having difficulties meeting demand, demand growth on
virtually all continents (only Japan is expected to need less, now accounting
for 12 percent of the market) against the background of emission rules
becoming increasingly more stringent, one can safely place their bets on
palladium keeping its ground.
Graph 2. Monthly Palladium Spot Prices ($/ounce).
(Click to enlarge)
Source: Thomson Reuters.
Supply lagging behind demand is by no means a new
phenomenon in the world of palladium trading. However, historically this gap
was bridged by Russia marketing its treasury deposits, the total of which,
although strictly labeled ‘top secret’, were reported to amount to 6200 tons
by the time the Soviet Union collapsed. In the 1960s, when palladium was five
times cheaper than platinum, the Soviet government decided to stock the metal
instead of putting it to market, thus creating a cushion for posterity. The
cushion was exhausted pretty quickly by the cash-strapped Yeltsin government,
for instance, in 1996 Russia exported thrice as much palladium as it
produced. After 2000, when palladium peaked at $1125 per ounce and its world
sales reached an all-time record of 300 tons, the Russian treasury stock has
been driven to almost complete depletion.
Since 2012, the palladium market is stuck in a situation
of supply deficit, which, even with the more robust reutilization of
autocatalyst scrap (expected to quadruple as compared to 2000 levels), is
still 30-40 tons per year short of balancing even. Therefore, it is
quintessential that the two nations currently controlling most of the
palladium market, Russia and South Africa, find ways to increase their output.
Nornickel is Russia’s only major producer of palladium (97 percent of the
nation’s total output) is also the world’s leading producer, with a market
share of 40 percent. Contrary to the more platinum-rich South African ores,
the palladium-platinum ratio in Russia’s leading production basin around
Norilsk stands at 3-4:1. This is, however, counterweighed by South Africa’s
massive reserves (its platinum-group reserves, albeit mostly platinum,
account for 95 percent of the world’s total), which have not been developed
appropriately due to labor unrest, frequent disruptions in electricity supply
coupled with high power costs and mounting debts.
As a consequence, in 2018-2019 it will be Russia that
will be responsible for most of production increase, largely due to
significant efficiency increases in the Talnakh concentrator now that its
three-stage modernization programme has finally been completed. Canada might
add a few tons annually thanks to promising developments of the Iles des
Mines project, however supply will remain at the tail-end of demand for the
next few years. Apart from economic circumstances, geopolitical conditions
(especially strains in the US-Russia relationship where Nornickel sanctions
are often flaunted, but very unlikely to happen) will also alter only
slightly, therefore it would be politic to expect palladium prices average at
around $1000 per ounce in 2018. Further on, most likely in early 2020s, the
market logic might reverse the current trend – as palladium was brought into
the gasoline-car catalyst market as a cheaper substitute of platinum,
platinum which is now cheaper could be brought back to lower costs. But that
is a matter for the future, now palladium rides high.
By Viktor Katona for Oilprice.com
