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Crises are
always going to happen, but they are less stressful when sound institutional
processes are in place. The most positive takeaway of the recent Eurozone
summit was the announcement of an integrated supervisory mechanism as a
precondition to any bank bailout. A European guarantee of Spanish bank
deposits without a corresponding handover of banking supervision would only
perpetuate bad habits.
It should not
be too much to ask for a process; using ECB President Draghi's
words, policy makers in the Eurozone must "define roles, deadlines and
conditions to be satisfied." Yet, since last summer, the modus operandi
in managing the crisis has generally been to take two steps back with each
step forward. We may have broken out of this downward spiral with the latest
summit. But too many questions remain: for example, will the new bank
regulator have a strong resolution authority, and be able to seize and
liquidate insolvent Spanish banks? Will the influence of national bank
regulators be reduced, in part to disallow banks to treat the debt of their
own governments as risk-free? Banks are in the business of managing risk and
indeed lend to risky customers all the time by unbiasedly
pricing in that risk, but when their own regulators indicate that something
is risk free when it is not, risky assets are not
properly priced and the banking system malfunctions. And while Spain is in
the limelight, it would be helpful if regulators of strong countries, such as
Germany's BaFin, also ceded control to help root
out bad habits. Last summer, when the European Banking Authority (EBA)
demanded the publication of sovereign debt holdings, BaFin
balked; it was market pressure that "encouraged" German banks to be
more transparent. Simply put, national regulators have proven inept at
managing their conflicts of interests.
The euro's
surge after the summit shows the currency advances on progress in the
process. Well-defined processes help markets to function, as buyers and
sellers negotiate market-based values of assets. In contrast, guarantees
ultimately increase volatility as asset prices become more correlated:
everything will be safe until the guarantor is deemed unsafe, thus crashing
the system as a whole.
A credible
strategy must be in place for investors to regain confidence. Spain is
particularly disappointing to investors. Here is a case where a government
enjoying an absolute majority at times appears to put more emphasis on
negotiating lower borrowing costs than on structural reform that would lower
the amounts that need to be borrowed in the first place. This crisis will not
end as long as debt is merely shuffled around. Having said that, a lot has
been achieved already; in some ways, we already have a United States of
Europe: when a weak country asks for help, it receives aid in return for
ceding sovereign control over budgeting. The main difference to the emerging
vision of Europe is that budgets ought to be reviewed before a crisis erupts.
We are inching towards the vision in a typically European piecemeal fashion,
with weak countries taking the lead, incentivized by market pressures.
Investors
don't need guarantees. Investors need to be properly compensated for the
risks they are taking on. At this stage, however, they also need to take into
account the risk that the rules of engagement are constantly changing. And to
add insult to injury, if an investor lends money to Spain at 7%, they might
be labeled a dreadful speculator trying to benefit from Spain's suffering. So
why bother?
In the
meantime, central bankers around the world, fearing further fallout, are
hoping for the best, but planning for the worst. In the Eurozone, it means
Long Term Refinancing Operations (LTROs) and lower interest rates; in the
U.K., it means quantitative easing; in Japan, it means introducing an
inflation target above the current rate of inflation; in the U.S., it means
Operation Twist. Even as we are encouraged that pieces of a process are
finally coming together, we simply cannot ignore the tail risks in the
Eurozone. Meanwhile, there are opportunities elsewhere. However, we don't
agree with the conventional wisdom that the U.S. is the safe haven to flee
to, not least because of the unsustainable fiscal situation and our
expectation of further Fed easing.
Our favorite
substitute for the euro while we ride out the storm in the Eurozone is the
Singapore dollar. While commodity currencies might be prime beneficiaries of
the increased trigger friendliness at major central banks, such currencies
are historically rather volatile. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS)
has shown the utmost restraint in recent years. In many ways, the Singapore
dollar behaves like a European currency without the tail risks. It fulfills
that role better than Scandinavian currencies that tend to amplify whatever
happens to the euro due to the dependency of their economies on the Eurozone.
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