It's Not About Discovering a Mine, It's About Discovering a Technology

The Mining Report: Do you think investing is a skill that is learned or inherited?

Chris Berry: I suppose there's some sort of a gene for analytical ability, but there's no substitute for real-world experience. While my father taught at the Darden School at the University of Virginia, I received a good grounding in theory-based finance and investing. Being out in the investing world for the last 15 years, I've seen what works and what doesn't compared to what you read in a textbook. If the last few years have taught us anything, it's that markets aren't as efficient as academic theory would have us believe.

TMR: Mike, when did you first know that Chris had the knack for investing?

Mike Berry: When I realized that Chris was interested in what I was doing, I sent him to see a good friend to talk to him. I wanted to stand back. Chris came back and said this is what he wanted to do. We have all heard Chris say he loves what he does now. If you love what you're doing, you're going to put a lot of effort into it and you will be successful.

"Arianne Phosphate Inc. has shown the ability to deliver extremely attractive economics."

I think it's more environmental than genetic. If you're in a family where everybody's reading The Wall Street Journal all the time, it probably comes more naturally.

In 2000, I came up with the idea of discovery as a different kind of investing discipline. Chris and I have worked together now for four years and he's adapted that into the idea of one of disruptive discovery. This is more defining and in the current market a lot more powerful. We reinforce each other's work. It's a really good relationship in that we're in sync and yet we cover different interests in the destructive or disruptive discovery space.

TMR: You recently changed the name of the publication you co-edit to Disruptive Discoveries Journal. Which industries are being disrupted by macro forces, and how can investors profit?

CB: A number of macro forces have combined to deliver compelling challenges to the global economy. Globalization has increased trade among countries and benefited many people through higher living standards. The globalization of technology gives a farmer in an emerging market access to the same amount of information that, say, the president of the United States would have had 15 years ago. These two forces are leveling the playing field between East and West. As a result, both challenges and opportunities are presented. This means that as many more people live what I call "commodity-intensive" lifestyles, we're starting to see living standards converge. This has been one of the main factors in stagnant real wage growth in the West in the past decade.

However, the confluence of globalization and technology has begun to raise a number of issues for us in the West. One challenge is an excess of labor. Hundreds of millions of people globally are joining the middle class, which is flattening wage growth. China's middle class is forecast to grow by 200 million in the coming decades. Other countries like India, Indonesia and Mexico are experiencing similar phenomena. Greater access to technology, for example free online education through Coursera or edX, has exacerbated this issue by allowing anyone with an Internet connection to learn what a better life can be. This will continue to have far-reaching consequences for us in the West as the global labor pool expands and can grow at a relatively lower cost of living. Technology, specifically disruptive technology like online education, is simultaneously our best friend and worst enemy. A number of industries are set to be upended and herein lies the opportunity.

We broadened our reach because to thrive in the commodities markets of the future, investors will have to be much more selective about the sectors, the companies and the commodities they look at.

I look for companies anywhere along the value chain that have a disruptive technology or unfair competitive advantage. Maybe it's a deposit, maybe it's a technology. These companies offer the opportunities in a global economy awash in labor and capacity.

TMR: Mike, which commodities could benefit from today's disruptive technologies?

MB: Oil and natural gas come to mind first. Fertilizers and potable water also will benefit. Mineral exploration and recovery will also be revolutionized with new technology. There will be a revolution in energy use, food production, clean mineral production and, therefore, quality of life here and around the world.

It took a decade for hydraulic fracking to take hold, but now it has almost completely restructured the global geopolitics. In the second quarter of 2014 the U.S. produced 8.4 million barrels (8.4 MMbbl) of oil equivalent, the highest in 26 years. By 2016 the U.S. will produce 12 MMbbl of oil a day and will become an exporter of natural gas; it's just a matter of time. That's the best, most recent example of a global disruptive discovery.

"Pershing Gold Corp. is a company that I like a lot."

It's not about discovering a mine; it's about discovering a technology. I talked recently with someone about plasma torch technology for processing minerals. That technology is still very early in its development, and many in the mining industry don't believe in it, but it has the same potential as fracking has had to oil and gas production to change the economics of the mining industry and impact the geopolitics of the world.

TMR: Many of these technologies are costly. You've said that society needs access to cheap commodities to sustain a high quality of life. Many commodities are now being sold at below the price it takes to produce them. That can't be sustainable. With these new technologies, will prices catch up with the cost of production?

MB: It takes time to perfect these disruptive discoveries. In the Eagle Ford Shale, the cost of producing a barrel of oil is around $40. The best the Saudis can do using traditional finding and recovery technology is $45 or $50 a barrel. New exploration technologies and recovery technologies in mining will dramatically reduce costs. So the answer to your question is yes.

CB: Selling commodities below the cost of production is obviously not sustainable. We've seen countless companies either mothball mines or abandon projects altogether in recent months. However, every commodity is different and I think it's important to look individually at the distinct supply-demand dynamic for each. As an example, lithium and rare earth elements (REE) offer different opportunities. Lumping them together and saying ALL energy metals are bad bets now is patently false.

Take uranium, for example. By some accounts, 60% of the uranium being produced today is produced below cost. That can't continue because companies have shareholders who invest based on the capability of management teams to generate profits and cash flow. You can only produce something at a loss for so long before you lose the trust of the markets.

The strategy of major producers�Cameco Corp. (CCO:TSX; CCJ:NYSE), AREVA SA (AREVA:EPA) and Paladin Energy Ltd. (PDN:TSX; PDN:ASX)�is to cut exploration, cut overhead expenses and put mines on care and maintenance. This makes sense and is the first step in seeing supply and demand begin to equilibrate.

Yet, uranium is a critical component of our energy infrastructure, and it will remain a critical component, despite its challenges.

In an environment where the uranium spot price is $28/pound ($28/lb) and the term price is $45/lb, you must find the companies that can exist in low-price environments. Right now, that means in-situ and near-term production plays in the western United States and Kazakhstan. The Athabasca Basin has great grade, but that kind of hard rock isn't economic right now, and won' be until we reach much higher uranium prices.

If you want to invest in uranium right now, I would look at the lowest-cost producers in the industry. Another strategy would be investing in hard rock plays that aren't economic now, but will be at higher uranium prices. I have been discussing this theme of optionality frequently.

TMR: What are some of those low-cost plays that are preparing for uranium's upside?

CB: Two in-situ plays in Wyoming are Uranerz Energy Corp. (URZ:TSX; URZ:NYSE.MKT) and Ur-Energy Inc. (URE:TSX; URG:NYSE.MKT). I'm still comfortable with them at $28/lb. They each have off-take partners in place at higher prices, so their low-cost production profiles allow them the flexibility to produce when other companies in the uranium sector are unable to do so.

"Namibia Rare Earths Inc. has an attractive deposit."

For the uranium sector to "turn," we need to see deals getting done. I don't necessarily mean mergers and acquisitions. End-users like utilities need to come back into the market and establish long-term supply deals with uranium producers. We'll know uranium has turned when we start seeing that happen more often.

The same is true of a number of commodities that are traded on a "handshake" basis. I'm confident that we're at the bottom of this cycle, although I'm not convinced that we're near a turn.

TMR: In last year's father-son interview you were sharply divided on the prospect for uranium. Mike, you were adamant that we should be moving to thorium to avoid more Fukushimas. Do you still feel that way?

MB: One of the great things about our relationship is that we don't always agree, or disagree. We go back and forth. It�s a very healthy relationship because you can avoid "drinking your own bathwater." We're still divided on uranium long term.

Uranium is not the best nuclear fuel, thorium is. Thorium is more plentiful and easier to store. The burnt material doesn't give off much plutonium. Its byproducts decay faster and are safer.

The problem is that we spent billions of dollars building and retrofitting uranium-based nuclear plants, as have the Chinese. We're unlikely to move to thorium anytime soon. We'll probably have green energy before we have thorium reactors, although both China and India are working on them.

As to what Chris said about uranium not being ready for a turn, I agree. I don't see a turn for two to five years. That's why we're looking up the value chain for disruptive discovery investment opportunities in technologies, as well as the natural resource discoveries. In the nuclear space small modular reactors provide a disruptive technology. They are in their very early development stages.

TMR: Chris, let's talk about lithium. Would Tesla Motor Inc.'s (TSLA:NASDAQ) plans to build a battery Gigafactory disrupt the lithium market in a good way? If so, which junior lithium mining companies could benefit?

CB: It could disrupt a number of commodities, not just lithium: graphite, cobalt and nickel, for example. A lot of raw materials and components go into the typical lithium-ion battery. If Elon Musk's plan to produce 500,000 lithium-ion batteries by 2020 is half accurate, he will need a lot more of everything. And remember, Tesla isn't the only company in the battery business. LG Chem Ltd. (051915:KSE; LGCLF:OTCPK) is one of the world's largest battery producers. Johnson Controls Inc. (JCI:NYSE) , Panasonic Corp. (PCRFY:OTS.MKTS), BYD Company Ltd. (BYDDF:OTCBB), GS Yuasa Corp. (6674:TYO) and Hitachi Ltd. (6501:TYO) are some of the other players, not to mention the dozens of smaller niche battery producers.

But, yes, with the Gigafactory Tesla wants to build, lithium is front-and-center. There was a sense of optimism at the recent Industrial Minerals Lithium Supply & Markets Conference. Tesla's pronouncement breathed much-needed life into the lithium space. Cobalt and graphite have regained investor interest as well.

If we're looking at additional sources of supply, we need to find low-cost producers that can compete in an industry that is really an oligopoly�SQM (SQM:NYSE), Rockwood Holdings Inc. (ROC:NYSE), FMC Corp. (FMC:NYSE) and the Chinese.

I like Lithium Americas Corp. (LAC:TSX; LHMAF:OTCQX), an advanced brine play in South America. Its partner is Korea-based POSCO (PKX:NYSE), which has spent a great deal of time and money on lithium-ion battery research. POSCO's partnership with Lithium Americas is developing a disruptive technology that would rapidly accelerate lithium production from brines from 18 months to a matter of weeks and would also minimize the relatively large environmental footprint associated with brine projects. POSCO will build a pilot plant next to Lithium Americas' Cauchari-Olaroz project in Argentina to test this innovative process. If it works, this is a game changer for lithium production.

TMR: Is that partnership new?

CB: No. I think it's been overlooked by the market. Lithium Americas is a well-run company with a great asset in a region of the world with history of lithium production. It could be producing a commodity whose demand looks to remain steady and growing. Despite some of the excess in the global economy I spoke about above, lithium has dodged this bullet. Lithium Americas has partnered with one of the more influential multinational companies in the world in the commodity space. It's a really positive story.

Also, as a brief aside, Tesla's recent announcement to not enforce its patents on its Supercharger technology will likely be more revolutionary to the electric vehicle industry in the long run.

TMR: Mike, are you as excited about lithium?

MB: Yes, very much so, although I'm skeptical about Tesla's plans for its Gigafactory. Battery technology has not yet found its steady-state niche. I am looking for disruptive battery technology today. You can't build a battery factory�or a car factory to use all those batteries�until you're sure you're at the point of sustainability.

Lithium-ion battery technology is clearly important. Whether or not it uses graphite anodes is another issue. It's evolving. We may or may not have the expected demand for lithium and graphite; that's another issue.

I also want to comment on graphene, which is a one-atom thick extract from graphite. In my view disruptive graphene technology is coming but it is a decade or two away from serious cash-flow generation. It will definitely be a disruptive technology when it develops.

TMR: Which graphite juniors do you like?

CB: Not all graphite is suitable for the battery business, which is where the double-digit growth is expected. Synthetic graphic is also a threat to natural in a number of ways, but comes at a higher cost.

We continue to follow Northern Graphite Corporation (NGC:TSX.V; NGPHF:OTCQX). The company was an early-stage player in the 2011�2012 graphite rush. It has a large deposit of predominately large and jumbo flake, which is one of Northern Graphite's competitive advantages. You can make large or jumbo flake graphite smaller, but you can't make small or fine flake bigger. The company is arguably one of the most derisked graphite plays today as a bankable feasibility study has been published and we have a clear idea of the economics behind the company's plans.

Flinders Resources Ltd. (FDR:TSX.V) in Sweden is another interesting near-term production story. The company's proximity to manufacturing capacity in Europe means potentially low production and transportation costs and a local customer base. This mine was a past producer, so a client list ostensibly still exists. Also, the extraordinarily low capital expenditure figure (sub $20M) puts Flinders in the driver's seat to become the next graphite producer outside of China.

TMR: You've emphasized that not all critical metals are alike. There has been lots of volatility among the REEs. Could China's recent announcement of its plan to tax REE producers and require environmental protections be good for non-Chinese companies?

CB: I hate to sound cynical, but probably not. Every quarter, China makes an announcement about how it's going to change this or that. I don't expect the pronouncements out of China to benefit non-Chinese REE exploration and development plays in the near-term. Remember, this entire supply chain from mining to manufacture now takes place almost exclusively in China. This has been in place for years and we can't expect to change this overnight. Trying to use rulings from entities like the World Trade Organization to get China to dismantle its supply chain in the name of "fairness" is a wrong-headed strategy. Both the private and public sectors in Western economies need to garner the political and economic will to comprise a strategy that can compete with a dominant low-cost Chinese production scenario.

I have a five-year view on the REE space outside of China. That is how long I anticipate it will take an REE junior to achieve commercial production.

We all know the challenges Molycorp Inc. (MCP:NYSE) and Lynas Corp. (LYC:ASX) have encountered. I think it's important to ask a company if it will be able to produce a product that the market wants. Also important is will it be able to do so economically? There are, of course, many other issues to consider including mineralogy, but at the end of the day economics matters most.

An investor has to be very patient and have a long window to make money in the REE junior space.

TMR: Mike, do you agree?

MB: I certainly agree that the U.S. has given up on supply-chain development. It takes billions of dollars and lots of time to build a workable and economic supply chain. The Chinese have worked pretty hard at that. They made mistakes, but they learned how to do it. We need to be focused downstream, as well as upstream.

In 2011, my wife and I went out to see Molycorp on site. I knew as soon as we got there that it would not be a good trip. Everyone was focused on the mining and not on the entire value chain. It's not clear that Molycorp can make it.

TMR: Which juniors could make it?

CB: Using that five-year window, I'd say Tasman Metals Ltd. (TSM:TSX.V; TAS:NYSE.MKT; TASXF:OTCPK; T61:FSE) has a really good chance. Its deposit is in Sweden, a mining-friendly jurisdiction. Its European location and proximity to a number of technology and automotive manufacturers are advantages. I visited the project a year ago and Tasman continues to derisk its profile. My sense is that, if there was a rare earth company out there that has a good shot at an offtake or a strategic agreement in the near term, it's Tasman.

Namibia Rare Earths Inc. (NRE:TSX, NMREF:OTCQX) is also on my radar. We don't know a lot about the economics yet, but if an investor is patient and willing to take some risk, it is worth considering.

Namibia has an attractive deposit and is an earlier-stage play that surprised a lot of people with some of its metallurgical results. The company's ability to produce a xenotime concentrate and potential catalysts from a preliminary economic assessment that is now underway and metallurgical optimization are all differentiators. There's a lot to learn here, but a lot of potential upside as well.

TMR: Mike, you brought up the disruptive technology of shale fracking. I recently interviewed T. Boone Pickens, who is very optimistic about the shale fracking industry and its potential impact on the U.S. economy. What do you think is the best way to get exposure to that sector: Is it the juniors or the majors that might take over the juniors? Is it the services or the refineries?

MB: I get my exposure through royalty investments. What I like about the royalty play is that you end up buying the property and leasing it back to "Star Wars" producers like EOG Resources Inc. (EOG:NYSE), which have the expertise at finding and lifting. Depending upon the type of royalty, you get the first 20�25% of the oil that comes out of the ground and you get it every month. You have no drilling or environmental risk. In today's low yield market everyone should be seeking out royalty investments.

I think you can make money with investments like EOG and Penn Virginia Corp. (PVA:NYSE). Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. (FCX:NYSE) just moved into offshore oil area pretty heavily. Encana Corp. (ECA:TSX; ECA:NYSE) of Calgary just came down and invested in the Eagle Ford play. When the Canadians come to the play you know it must be considered good. Some other names of smaller operators that are interesting are Carrizo Oil & Gas Inc. (CRZO:NASDAQ), Contango Oil & Gas Co. (MCF:NYSE.MKT) and Chesapeake Energy Corp. (CHK:NYSE). EOG is perhaps the best of the disruptive discovery operators in the fracking business.

The Railroad Commission of Texas tells us that in the core areas of the Eagle Ford shale these fracked wells average 500,000 barrels of oil equivalent that can produce an economic life for up to 50 years. The first five years of production is especially good and yield about 40% of the total. Given that there's no dividend yield in the market today, the best bet in my opinion is investing in a royalty stream.

TMR: Mike, you're going to give your biannual talk to the Federal Reserve on the economy next week. What will you say?

MB: The overriding issue now is the battle among the central banks of the world trying to generate inflation, escape velocity growth and avoid deflation or shrinking of the money supply and their own economies.

I think the world is much more disinflationary or perhaps deflationary than it has been since the Great Depression. The Fed is printing a lot of money. Yes, it's tapering its quantitative easing, but the real money supply in the real economy is not growing. The Fed's money supply is. The Fed has $4.5 trillion of bonds in its portfolio. The real question now is, "How does the Fed raise interest rates without imploding the economy?"

The European Central Bank recently said it was worried about deflation. It instituted a $100 billion program to buy bonds and make loans. So the ECB is now embarking on its own quantitative easing program.

We don't have an economy of robust, sustainable growth. Since 1970 GDP growth has averaged 3.4% coming out of recessions. Here we are 70 months down the road and we can barely sustain 2% growth. Without escape velocity growth, you cannot deal with the amount of debt that was incurred back in 2000�2008. I'm worried that we have three to five years of growth capped by the slow deleveraging process we are in today. That will affect how quickly the capital markets can turn and a new credit cycle evolves to support needed economic growth.

The equity markets are much overvalued. I expect a correction. I think we're facing two to five years of deleveraging. It's not an optimistic presentation in the short term. Longer term, of course, we will recover.

CB: All of that underpins our disruptive discovery thesis. It's not a viable strategy to hide your head in the sand and not participate in these markets. Rather, you need to find those opportunities that can provide above-average returns in what looks to be a very muted growth profile over the next couple of years. You do this through finding those opportunities that can produce an attractive product either through a disruptive force in their business model or another element. Tesla has done this in the automotive business. Uber (though privately held) has done this in the mass transportation business. Netflix has done this in the streaming video business.

MB: Remember, there are two kinds of deflation. One comes from excess supply and insufficient demand. That is part of what we're facing now. For example, there is lots of supply of iron, aluminum and copper, but the Chinese have scarfed it all up. Who knows when that will come back and hit us on the head? That's bad deflation: excess supply and stagnant demand. Prices fall, expectations are formed and people start to save, because they can buy the washing machine cheaper next month. As a result, growth spirals into a decline.

The other kind of deflation comes from disruptive discovery. That's where new technological discoveries tend to replace labor or at least cap labor's real disposable income. That's happening in the labor market now. It is struggling to maintain growth in real wages and get people back to work.

The U.S. announced the creation of 217,000 new jobs in May, equal to the number of jobs lost in 2008. Everybody cheered. The problem is there are 15 million more people in this country than in 2008. We still have tremendous excess and underproductive labor. Labor is not being rewarded; productivity, through new discoveries, is being rewarded.

We have both kinds of deflation right now, and we have to clear them out. I just don't see anyone in Washington, D.C., being willing to do what is needed to make that happen.

TMR: A lot of people turn to gold when things are disrupted. The gold price is down from the beginning of the year. What do each of you think of the prospect for gold and silver?

MB: In terms of the real inflation rate, gold is going to be capped. I think it will test $1,200/ounce ($1,200/oz), or maybe $1,100/oz. Wall Street is arrayed against gold right now, and the futures market is the tail that wags the dog in both gold and silver. At $1,200/oz, we'd be buyers.

A lot of the producers�Newmont Mining Corp. (NEM:NYSE), Barrick Gold Corp. (ABX:TSX; ABX:NYSE), Goldcorp Inc. (G:TSX; GG:NYSE) and AngloGold Ashanti Ltd. (AU:NYSE; ANG:JSE; AGG:ASX)�are saying they can produce at $980/oz or $1,000/oz. They've already written off billions of dollars of reserves that have become uneconomic.

I suppose the good news, although it's not really good news, is that exploration is stopping. This will also be disruptive. It's very difficult to raise money for exploration now. The TSX Venture Exchange will be cannibalized before this is over. There will be very few new gold or silver mines coming on stream. Some of the midtier silver producers will have real problems as silver finds its bottom.

We might have to wait one to three years, but at some point we will run out of mineable gold properties as a result of the demise of exploration companies. I think gold and silver will find the bottom when we start to see marginal costs equal to the price of gold and silver. Then, there will be a bounce.

TMR: Chris, do you agree?

CB: I still maintain that most commodities will go sideways for a while. It is difficult to say how long this will last, but I can't see many macro catalysts at all auguring for explosive demand in the near-term. You must find low-cost production or disruptive technology stories.

In the precious metals sector, in particular, perception is reality. If you're hearing a lot about disinflation or a lack of inflation, you stop thinking about some of the traditional reasons to buy and hold gold or juniors and producers. That's one of the main reasons they've been pushed down hard and will probably stay there for a while. The perception is that there is no inflation in the economy and economic growth is now stable. The reality is quite different if you've been to a grocery store or filled your car with gas recently.

That doesn't mean gold might not explode to the upside based on world events in the short term. We saw what happened to gold when Vladimir Putin started saber rattling and invaded Ukraine. Gold hit $1,380/oz, but fell once things calmed down. We are now seeing a similar phenomenon as Iraq devolves into a civil war. I'm unconvinced these singular events can push precious metals prices dramatically higher in the near-term.

You want to watch traditional factors such as supply and demand and exchange-traded funds inflows or outflows.

It's unfortunate that in the past 10 years, gold and silver have turned into asset classes in and of themselves and we've forgotten their traditional roles as stores of value and insurance policies against inflation. As a result, we've seen a lot more volatility with gold and even more with the price of silver.

MB: In my mind, gold and silver have decoupled. Silver has a huge industrial application; gold does not. With a mere 2% growth rate in the world's economy, industrial uses will shrink until we can get to 3�5% GDP growth.

There are a lot of silver investors out there. Some 245 million ounces (245 Moz) of silver coins and bars were purchased, in 2013�76% more than 2012 and triple the silver purchased by investors in 2009. When you add in jewelry and silverware purchases, almost 500 Moz silver were purchased in 2013. That does not include industrial usage, investment only. Last year we incurred a 113 Moz deficit in silver supply.

Two years ago, the silver price averaged $35/oz; today it is $19/oz. Investors must seek companies that can sustain their silver production. They have to be sure that companies can maintain their properties. I think we will find a lot of great silver properties that come free.

We see a lot of private equity players now. They're rolling up properties for pennies on the dollar when they can. Will silver turn? Yes. When will it turn? I don't know, probably a ways off.

TMR: Are there any companies that can position themselves, maybe with some of this disruptive technology, to succeed when the turn happens?

MB: I am an adviser to and own shares of Terraco Gold Corp. (TEN:TSX.V). Its 35 square mile Moonlight property is immediately north of Midway Gold Corp. (MDW:TSX.V; MDW:NYSE.MKT)/Barrick's Spring Valley project. Spring Valley has more than 2.1 Moz Measured and Indicated gold and 1.9 Moz Inferred gold. I visited Spring Valley, and this will be a mine.

Todd Hilditch is Terraco's CEO. One thing he did that has been very disruptive, especially to Barrick and Midway from a strategy viewpoint, was buy the royalties on Spring Valley. Thanks to management resourcefulness Terraco holds a 3% net smelter royalty on the majority of the Spring Valley gold resource. We talked about the power and transformative nature of royalty investing in the shale oil fields.

Even management strategy can be disruptive. Terraco has a tremendous advantage over other junior explorers because it can maintain its position and wait for Barrick to develop Spring Valley. Barrick has just dedicated another $14 million ($14M) program to Spring Valley after its earn-in. Todd Hilditch is the example of the new thinker in the junior mining industry. These new breed CEOs look at different ways of producing wealth, creating wealth, of working with the sell side. And there's no place better than Nevada for gold and silver.

Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. Ltd. (STMNF:OTCPK) just did an earn-in deal with Renaissance Gold Inc. (REN:TSX) on its Fourth of July property close to Moonlight. So the area play is heating up and Terraco shareholders should benefit.

Pershing Gold Corp. (PGLC:OTCBB) is very close to Moonlight and Spring Valley. It will be producing gold soon. Apparently, its capital expense is very small and it can get into production on their property. Steve Alfers is the CEO. He is very experienced from his days with Franco-Nevada Corp. (FNV:TSX; FNV:NYSE). Steve runs a tight ship. Pershing appears to have a solid group of investors. This is another company that I like a lot and we own shares in Pershing.

We visited NuLegacy Gold Corporation (NUG:TSX.V; NULGF:OTCPK) when we were last in Nevada. It has a good team. Again, sustainability will be important for NuLegacy. It is another company that is at the top of my list, a list that was much longer two years ago.

TMR: What is the disruptive technology of the plasma torch technology?

MB: A company called U.S. Precious Metals Inc. (USPR:OTC) has a 37,000-acre property in Michoac�n, Mexico, parallel to Mexico City, close to the coast. It's in the Tierra Caliente region. It's probably a porphyry deposit�copper and gold, but it appears to be very high grade. The company has drilled 26 holes with good results. The company is using Eastern European satellite-sensing technology to identify the mineralized areas on the property. Some 71 such anomalies have been identified on a small part of the property. This promises to be a novel and economic way of doing mineral exploration. I visited the property in April and I was amazed at the surface mineralization that shouts out at you. Of course the Spanish mined this property and that's usually a very good omen. The company plans to process two stream beds on the property for placer, which should generate cash flow. U.S. Precious Metals has a great property and had done a good job so far of exploring it. The European geologists are on the ground as I write and we are going to know a lot more about tonnage and grade soon on the property.

I am interested in U.S. Precious Metals for three reasons. I decided to get involved because this is the vehicle that might just revolutionize the mining industry from exploration to production and recovery.

In addition to its novel exploration approach with satellite technology it has a developed disruptive assay and recovery technology called plasma torch technology. It is using plasma torch technology in its pilot plant in Twentynine Palms, California. Plasma is a 5,000-degree ionization technology that separates minerals at their atomic level. It can process oxides and sulfides and take the gasses off easily. It can provide much higher recoveries and often produces higher assays than fire assay technology. The technology is being developed by Plasma Arc Technologies in conjunction with Dr. Edgar Choueiri of Princeton University. Professor Choueiri is also on the Board of Directors of U.S. Precious Metals.

That's a disruptive discovery that really interests me. Plasma Torch technology has been shown to be effective in other applications. It's not particularly new. Airgas just developed a major, $400M garbage disposal plant in England using the technology. Once U.S. Precious Metals gains mineral extraction expertise, it will be a leader in the field. This will be a similar story to EOG's "Star Wars" lead in hydraulic fracturing technology we discussed earlier in this interview. Plasma Torch technology could drastically increase the amount of recoverable minerals, while reducing all in sustaining cash costs of production. New satellite and ground technology could alter how much drilling we have to do to understand an ore body. One only has to think about the number of dumps around the world that are not recoverable with traditional technology.

I think these could become standard technologies quickly�no more than five years.

TMR: Chris, in addition to being a son, you're also a father, which, of course, Mike, makes you a grandfather. Is there an investment in a commodity or a stock that you could make now when your children are young that would be worth enough 20 years from now to pay for their college degree?

CB: I can't think of a single investment or a commodity. You can't control financial markets or the performance of the economy. You have to a have a flexible strategy and a plan in place to weather these storms. Buy and hold is not the only strategy to employ and has been a losing strategy in recent years.

I focus on energy metals and I have a thought process, a timeframe and a strategy for each one of them.

The convergence of lifestyles is a real and credible phenomenon. It's not a parabolic boom; it's slow and steady and it will continue. We think that convergence only happens to the extent that people can live more commodity-intensive, more affluent lifestyles. If you're going to invest in the commodity world, whether it's juniors or anywhere along the value chain, you need to have a strategy, a plan and a philosophy that you stick to, but you have to stay flexible enough to adapt when times change. It's not 2006 anymore and you should not be investing as if it is.

The ability to adapt is probably the most important lesson that I hope I can leave to my kids.

TMR: Mike, do you agree?

MB: One of the things Kate and I did was to make sure that we put stocks in trust for the kids. In the discovery sphere, landing on one major discovery�I'm thinking a world-class Pe�asquito, which was one of our big early discoveries�can make you millions. These also increase wealth for everyone. Not all of them work, but you learn so much from every single discovery opportunity, disruptive or not.

I think it is incumbent upon parents to teach their children to understand implications of disruptive discoveries. In terms of a single investment that will put my grandchildren through college, that's a question I would rephrase. What can I teach my grandchildren to focus on as they approach college and life beyond?

The point I would make is the necessity for disruptive discoveries in food production and healthcare. These are areas that we are heavily involved in. Cancer technologies and therapies, stem cell technology and medical device innovations, as well as nutritional discoveries, are of great interest to both of us. (Editor's note: Click here to read Michael Berry's ideas on life science investing).

At present we are also interested and involved in fertilizer discovery. Two companies of interest to us are Arianne Phosphate Inc. (DAN:TSX.V; DRRSF:OTCBB; JE9N:FSE) and Allana Potash Corp. (AAA:TSX; ALLRF:OTCQX).

Arianne has developed a very large and unique phosphate resource in Quebec. The economics here are very compelling and as the major phosphate producers begin to scour the globe to add additional resources, Arianne must be on their radar. The company is greatly derisked in a number of ways and has shown the ability to deliver extremely attractive economics.

Allana has a large potash deposit in Ethiopia. Allana's recent announcement of a strategic alliance with ICL Fertilizers (ICL:TASE), one of the largest fertilizer producers in the world, really puts the company in a different league relative to its competitors. ICL entered into a share purchase agreement initially worth $25M and could be worth as much as $84M. An offtake is also in place here, which is another major differentiator. Africa is set to become much more sharply in focus with respect to commodity supply and demand. Investors would be doing themselves a favor by starting to learn about these dynamics.

TMR: Thanks for your time and insights, and Happy Father's Day.

From 1982�1990, Michael Berry served as a professor of investments at the Colgate Darden Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Virginia, during which time he published a book, Managing Investments: A Case Approach. He was the Wheat First Professor of Investments at James Madison University. He has managed small- and mid-cap value portfolios for Heartland Advisors and Kemper Scudder. His publication, The Disruptive Discoveries Journal, analyzes emerging geopolitical, technological and economic trends. He travels the world with his son, Chris, looking for discovery opportunities for his readers.

Chris Berry, with a lifelong interest in geopolitics and the financial issues that emerge from these relationships, founded House Mountain Partners in 2010. The firm focuses on the evolving geopolitical relationship between emerging and developed economies, the commodity space and junior mining and resource stocks positioned to benefit from this phenomenon. Berry holds a Master of Business Administration in finance with an international focus from Fordham University, and a Bachelor of Arts in international studies from the Virginia Military Institute.

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DISCLOSURE: 1) JT Long conducted this interview for Streetwise Reports LLC, publisher of The Gold Report, The Energy Report, The Life Sciences Report and The Mining Report, and provides services to Streetwise Reports as an employee. She owns, or her family owns, shares of the following companies mentioned in this interview: None.
2) The following companies mentioned in the interview are sponsors of Streetwise Reports: Uranerz Energy Corp., Northern Graphite Corporation, Namibia Rare Earths Inc., Pershing Gold Corp., Terraco Gold Corp., NuLegacy Gold Corporation and Arianne Phosphate Inc . Goldcorp Inc. and Franco-Nevada Corp. are not affiliated with Streetwise Reports. Streetwise Reports does not accept stock in exchange for its services.
3) Michael Berry: I own, or my family owns, shares of the following companies mentioned in this interview: Goldcorp Inc., Terraco Gold Corp., Pershing Gold Corp. and Arianne Phosphate Inc. I personally am, or my family is, paid by the following companies mentioned in this interview: Arianne Phosphate Inc. and Allana Potash Corp. My company has a financial relationship with the following companies mentioned in this interview: None. I was not paid by Streetwise Reports for participating in this interview. Comments and opinions expressed are my own comments and opinions. I had the opportunity to review the interview for accuracy as of the date of the interview and am responsible for the content of the interview.
3a ) Chris Berry: I own, or my family owns, shares of the following companies mentioned in this interview: Goldcorp Inc., Terraco Gold Corp., Pershing Gold Corp. and Arianne Phosphate Inc. I personally am, or my family is, paid by the following companies mentioned in this interview: Arianne Phosphate Inc. and Allana Potash Corp. My company has a financial relationship with the following companies mentioned in this interview: None. I was not paid by Streetwise Reports for participating in this interview. Comments and opinions expressed are my own comments and opinions. I had the opportunity to review the interview for accuracy as of the date of the interview and am responsible for the content of the interview.
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