"Two men enter, one man leaves, two men enter, one man leaves, two
men enter..."
Mad Max: Beyond
Thunderdome
November 27, oil consuming countries will celebrate the first anniversary of
the Saudi decision to let market forces determine prices. This decision set
crude prices on a downward path. Subsequently, to defend market share, the
Saudis increased production, which exacerbated market oversupply and further
pressured prices.
While the sharp decline in crude prices has saved crude consuming nations
hundreds of billions of dollars, the loss in revenues has caused crude
exporting countries intense economic and financial pain. Their suffering has
led some to call for a change in strategy to "balance" the market
and boost prices. Venezuela, an OPEC member, has even proposed an emergency
summit meeting.
In practice, the call for a change is a call for Saudi Arabia and Russia,
the two dominant global crude exporters, which each daily export over
seven-plus mmbbls (including condensates and NGLs) and which each see the
other as the key to any "balancing" moves, to bear the brunt of any
production cuts.
Both, it would seem, have incentive to do so, as each has lost over $100
billion in crude revenues in 2015 -- and Russia bears the extra burden of
U.S. and EU Ukraine-related economic and financial sanctions. Yet, while both
publicly profess willingness to discuss market conditions, neither has shown
any real inclination to reduce output -- in fact, both countries seem
committed to keeping their feet pressed to their crude output pedals. In the
course of 2015, both have raised output and exports over 2014 levels -- Saudi
Arabia by ~500 and 550~ mbbls/day respectively and Russia by ~100 and ~150.
The Saudis have repeatedly cut pricing to undercut competitors to maintain
market share in the critical U.S. and China markets, while the Russian
Finance Ministry recently backed away from a tax proposal which Russian crude
producers said would reduce their output.
This apparent bravado notwithstanding, the two countries' entry into the
low-price Crudedome is ravaging their economies. Should crude prices decline
from current levels, or even just stagnate, it is possible neither country
will exit the CrudeDomeunder its own power.
IMF WEO Data: Recessions as far as the Eyes can See
Both Saudi Arabia and Russia paint positive portraits on current and
future economic performance. At a conference in Moscow on October 14,
President Putin said
that Russia had reached if not passed the peak of its economic crisis and predicted
economic growth in coming years. Arab News announced in
the first paragraph of its report on Q2 Saudi economic performance that Q2
GDP grew 3.79 percent year-over-year, up from 2.3 percent growth in Q1.
Yet IMF October 2015 and April 2015 World Economic Outlook projections for
the Russian and Saudi economies a paint pessimistic portrait, as the
following three tables, forecasting GDP through 2020 in current
prices/national currency, constant prices/national currency, and current
prices/US$ show (all data in billions).
- In each of the data series, except the April and October ones, Russian
current prices/national currency and the Saudi constant prices/national
currency series, GDP declines from 2014 to 2015. (When adjusted for estimated
inflation, however, the forecasts for Russian GDP current prices/national
currency show GDP declining from 2014 levels -- to 64,039 billion Rubles
given inflation of 17.943 percent in the April series; in the October series,
to 64,463 billion rubles, given inflation of 15.789 percent. The growth shown
in the Saudi constant prices/national currency series results from the
reduction in the deflator, which the Saudi National Statistical Office,
Central Department of Statistics and Information uses to convert current
national currency GDP into constant national currency. For example,
decreasing the deflator from 115.073 to 94.234 in the October series and to
97.066 from 115.889 in the April series turns a decrease in GDP in current
prices into an increase in GDP in constant prices).
- Between the April and the October forecasts in most of the data series,
GDP deteriorates (blue font). Crude prices bear much of the responsibility:
the April forecasts were based on $58.14 and $65.65 per barrel oil in 2015
and 2016 respectively, while the October projections are based $51.62 and
$50.36 respectively.
- The year in which GDP exceeds 2014 GDP is noted in red font. As a result
of the deterioration in GDP forecasts between April and October in the Saudi
current prices/national currency series, GDP does not exceed 2014 GDP until
2018 instead of 2017; in the Russian current prices, US$ series, GDP exceeds
2014 level after 2020 instead of 2019; in the Saudi current prices/US$, the
recovery is pushed to 2018 from 2017. (In inflation adjusted terms, Russian
GDP in current prices, national currency would be below 2015 levels in 2020).
In Russia, the impact of low crude revenues on GDP has raised questions
about Russia's long term economic prospects. Some see Russia's economic
growth potential as 1 percent annually or less due to low energy prices, low
productivity levels, and a shrinking population, while Alexei Kudrin, finance
minister from 2001 to 2011, recently commented that Russia's growth model for
the last fifteen years -- using income from energy exports to drive up wages,
domestic demand and therefore growth -- will no longer work. With the
government strapped for funds, and energy income no longer supporting
domestic demand, some see investment as the sole possible driver of growth.
IMF WEO Data: Budget Deficits as far as the Eyes can See
Both the Saudi and Russian governments depend on energy revenues to fund
their budgets -- oil funds ~90 percent of the Saudi budget and oil and
natural gas ~52 percent of the Russian budget. With the decline in prices,
the Saudi budget anticipates a deficit of 20 percent of GDP in 2015 and the
Russian budget a deficit of 3.3 percent of GDP. The April and October WEO
budget projections in national currencies (Rubles and Riyals) show the
deficits decreasing, but continuing through 2020 for both countries:
The following table shows that as a percentage of GDP, the deficits
decline steadily through 2020. However, as a percentage of GDP, the WEO
October projections show the Saudi deficits remain double-digit through 2020
-- the potential impact of which will be discussed in the section on
currencies.
As planning for the 2016 fiscal year proceeds, fiscal reality is forcing
both governments to scramble for new sources of revenues and/or opportunities
to cut spending to reduce their budget deficits. The Russian government
suspended the budget rule using a long term average of crude prices to set
spending, since the resulting $80 average price would have dictated
unreasonable spending in 2016.
President Putin ordered a 10 percent cut in Interior Ministry personnel,
imposed a one million headcount ceiling on this ministry, and planned cuts in
Kremlin headcount. The Finance Ministry sought a change in the mineral
extraction tax formula to generate an additional 609 billion rubles in 2015
and 1.6 trillion through 2018, but pressure from the Economic and Energy
Ministries and Russian producers forced the Finance Ministry to consider
alternatives with less negative impact on crude production. In addition,
the government reportedly is taking some $13 billion from national pension
funds, while the Russian Central Bank is preparing proposals on government
pension guarantees that would shift some pension funding burden from the
government budget to companies and individuals.
The Saudi government is also scrambling. After an eight year hiatus from
issuing sovereign debt, the Saudi government announced a plan during the
summer to borrow $28 billion in 2015 and launched the borrowing with a $5
billion offering in August. The Ministry of Finance has banned contracts for
new projects, hiring and promotions, and purchase of vehicles or furniture in
the fourth quarter, while the newly created Council for Economic and
Development Affairs must now approve all government projects worth more than
$27 million. The Saudi government also is preparing to privatize airports and
contemplating seeking private financing for infrastructure projects.
The budget situation puts the Saudi government in a difficult situation.
On the one hand, the size of the deficits requires drastic cuts in spending,
but such drastic cuts would impact politically sensitive areas such as energy
subsidies, government employment opportunities for Saudi citizens, education,
and economic development projects. On the other hand, depleting Saudi
government reserves to finance the deficits will put the Saudi sovereign
credit rating at risk, which would raise the cost of borrowing as well as
pressure the Saudi currency (the consequences of which are discussed below).
IMF WEO Data: Lagging Per Capita Income as far as the Eyes can See
In both Russia and Saudi Arabia, the governments have attempted to shield
their citizens from job cuts. In Russia, the government has discouraged
businesses from shedding employees, while the Saudi government has maintained
headcount in the government and government-related bodies, where most Saudis
nationals are employed.
In terms of income, however, the situation is different. IMF WEO
projections show per capita income in 2015 declining from 2014 levels in both
Russia and Saudi Arabia, and only slowly recovering (the year exceeding 2014
levels in red font). (The increases in per capita income in the Russia
current prices, national currency and in the Saudi constant prices, national
currency series results from the same factors discussed in the section on
GDP).
Impact on Currencies
The steep decline in crude prices has pressured both currencies. The Ruble
has suffered two curses. First, it has declined substantially relative to
"hard" currencies, such as the US$, the Euro, British Pound, and
the Swiss Franc. Against the U.S. dollar, it depreciated ~29 percent from
November 27, 2014 to October 13, 2015 (48.58/US$, to 62.77). Second, it has
been and continues to be highly volatile, its fate tied to moves in crude
prices. The Ruble reached its post-November 27 low on June 27 (33.73/US$) and
twice reached its high of ~70/US$ (January 30 69.47, August 24 70.89). A
chart is available on Bloomberg.
The pressure on the Ruble forced the Russian Central Bank to take a series
of emergency measures. At the end of last year, it spent ~$100 billion from
its foreign currency reserves to defend the Ruble (it finally abandoned the
defense when it proved futile and allowed the Ruble to float). In the same
period, it extended emergency "hard" currency funding to major
Russian banks and businesses with "hard" currency obligations that
were coming due at the end of 2014. The Central Bank also sharply raised
interest rates -- to 17 percent at one point -- and has kept the rates high
to defend the Ruble (currently ~11 percent). Two examples illustrate the
impact of Ruble devaluation:
- Transaero, until recently Russia's second largest passenger airline,
attributed being forced into bankruptcy to high interest rates and a devalued
Ruble -- the former raised the cost of financing, the latter pushed up prices
in Rubles and therefore reduced demand in Russia for international flights
and increased the cost, in Rubles, of repaying foreign currency denominated
loans and interest.
- The Association of European Businesses in Russia recently announced
that sales of new cars and light commercial vehicles contracted 29 percent in
August year-over-year and forecast a 37 percent decline for all of 2015. It
cited price increases that the car manufactures were forced to take to cover
the increased cost of foreign parts and systems used in domestic auto
manufacturing.
Volatility is equally pernicious. As another Bloomberg article points
out, Russian businesses, unsure of what the value of the Ruble will be
long term or even day-to-day, are deferring investment despite generating
substantial (Ruble) profits -- the very investment which some believe the
Russian economy needs
to grow and which has been contracting for 20 months.
The Saudis have avoided both Riyal depreciation and volatility. The
government has insisted it will keep the Riyal pegged at 3.75/US$ and
financial markets thus far have taken comfort from Saudi reserves (estimated
to exceed $660 billion). However, as deficits deplete reserves and events
occur that threaten the peg and Saudi oil-related export revenues, this
comfort quickly could dissipate. After the Chinese Central Bank unexpectedly
devalued the Yuan by ~2 percent against the US$, bets that the Saudis would
be forced to abandon the peg spiked.
Breaking the peg would devastate the Saudi economy. It would drive up the
cost of imports -- and Saudi Arabia depends substantially on imports for a
wide variety and high percentage of necessary consumer, business, and
government goods and services -- from food to oil, petrochemical, and other
industrial equipment and services to military equipment, supplies, and
training. It would also harm the Saudis who recently have been increasing
their exposure to "hard" currency denominated loans.
Sovereign Wealth and Foreign Currency Reserves
Both the Saudis and the Russians are drawing down reserves they
accumulated during the $100-plus/barrel crude price era to finance their
spending. Over the nine months to July 2015, Saudi reserves declined $76
billion, from $737 billion to $661 billion, implying an annual rate of $100
to $130 billion. Should large withdrawals continue, or the amounts increase,
confidence in the Riyal will sink.
Besides the $100 billion the Central Bank spent defending the Ruble, the
Russian government has used funds from its sovereign wealth funds (the
National Welfare Fund and the Reserve Fund) to reduce to fund priority
projects, particularly in the energy industry -- Rosneft sought one of the
largest amounts. In June, Stratfor
put the draw on the sovereign wealth funds at $44 billion.
China: The Sword of Damocles
In an era of low crude prices, modest economic growth, and modest crude
demand growth, both Saudi Arabia and Russia (and other crude exporters) look
to China as a source of incremental revenue to make up for the massive absolute
declines in revenue and are prepared to compete intensely for market share.
One can imagine, then, the panic in Riyadh and Moscow when they
contemplated the implications of the Chinese Central Bank's decision to
devalue the Yuan by ~2 percent against the U.S. dollar and the possibility
this was the first salvo in a series of devaluations.
- For the Saudis, devaluation, if continued, will force the government to
decide between volume and revenue. Pegged to the US$, Saudi crude, priced in
US$ will become more expensive for the Chinese. It will reduce demand for
Saudi crude and/or make the crude of other exporters -- e.g. the Russians --
whose currencies float. Yet reducing the US$ price to support volumes to
China will reduce crude export revenues, which, if sufficiently substantial,
could undermine confidence in the Saudi economy and therefore the Riyal peg
to the US$.
- For the Russians, the Chinese Central Bank announcement possibly
produced excitement at the prospect of competitive advantage over the Saudis
in pricing. Quickly, however, excitement may have turned into anxiety.
Neither side has made public critical details -- including the currency or
currencies in which sales will be settled and priced -- of three bilateral
energy megadeals: Rosneft's $270 billion 2013 agreement to supply 300,000
mbbl/day annually to China for 25 years; the $400 billion, 30 year agreement
signed in 2014 to supply natural gas to China from Eastern Siberia; and the
negotiations underway to supply natural gas from Western Siberia.
Are prices set in US$, Rubles, Yuan, a basket of currencies (US$, Euro,
Swiss Franc)? Are the Chinese expected to pay in Yuan at the Yuan/Ruble
exchange rate? In Rubles at the Ruble/Yuan exchange rate? In Yuan at the
Yuan/US$ exchange rate? Each alternative has different implications for
Rosneft's and Gazprom's gross and net revenues from the sale of crude
(Rosneft) and natural gas (Gazprom).
And the Winner is...
Despite the intense pain they are suffering in the low price Crudedome,
both the Russian and Saudi governments profess for public consumption that
they are committed to their volume and market share policies.
This observer believes the two countries cannot long withstand the pain
they have brought upon themselves -- and this article only scratches the
surface of the negative impact of low crude prices on their economies. They
have, in effect, turned no pain no gain into intense pain no gain and set in
motion the possibility neither will exit the low price Crudedome under its
own power.
