If you want to fail as an investor, the possibilities are endless. Buying
stocks on a whim, holding on to the losers for too long, and dumping winners
too soon are just a few ways to start.
Options, like anything else, can cost you money or make you money. Due to
the leverage employed when trading options, they often add both a layer of
potential profit and a layer of risk on top of their underlying assets. But a
less-known benefit of trading options is that they can serve as a hedge or
form of insurance.
To illustrate, I’ll use a strategy that may seem intimidating but
shouldn’t be: option collars.
Even though it sounds technical, it’s actually pretty simple. It boils
down to holding an underlying asset (let’s say shares of a stock) while
simultaneously selling
(i.e., writing) call options and buying put options on that holding. The
premium received from selling the call covers (completely or mostly) the
premium paid to buy the puts, and the two of them work together to limit
portfolio risk.
Let’s take a look at how a collar works step by step.
Suppose stock XYZ is trading at $40 a share on January 1. You want to
invest in the stock, but you’re worried that the market could tank within the
next couple of months and take XYZ down with it. So you decide to set up a
collar to limit your downside risk.
You decide March 20 (more on the date in a moment) is far enough into the
future to protect you from the imminent market decline you’re worried about.
You also decide that if you could sell XYZ for $50 between now and March 20,
you’d be happy with that gain; but you don’t want to have to sell XYZ for any
less than $30 over that time period.
So, to create a collar that meets all of your requirements, you do three
things: buy 100 shares of XYZ at $40; sell one March call option on XYZ with
a strike price of $50; and buy one March put option with a strike price of
$30.
(Please note that the third Friday of the contract month is the option
expiration date. That’s why we used March 20 above. Also, each options
contract is written on 100 shares of the underlying asset. That’s why we only
need to sell one call option contract and buy one put option contract on XYZ
to collar our 100 shares.)
Now, back to creating the collar…
Let’s assume that the premium you receive from selling the March call
option is $1 per share (i.e., $100 per contract), while buying the March put
option will cost you $0.50 per share ($50 per contract).
So your initial outlay is $4,000 for the 100 shares of XYZ and $50 for the
put; and you receive $100 from writing the call. Your total investment is
$3,950. (We’re ignoring broker commissions throughout this illustration.)
Now let’s consider two scenarios:
1.
Before March 20, XYZ goes up to $55. In this case, your call option is
exercised at $50, and you’re forced to sell your shares at that price. That’s
fine, because you had already decided that you were willing to sell your
shares for $50 within that time period. Your proceeds are $5,000, and the net
gain is $1,050, or 26.6%. Not bad! The trade-off, however, is that the gain
is limited: if the stock shoots to $80, you still have to sell it for that
$50 strike price.
2.
Before March 20, the stock goes down to $25. Without the put
protection, you’d incur a loss of $15 per share (approximately 38%), or
$1,500 for the whole position. But that’s not what happens: your protective
put allows you to sell the shares for $30 each, establishing a floor for your
losses. So you sell the shares for $3,000 and pocket a loss of $950, or
24.1%. Even if XYZ had gone to $0, your maximum loss would still only be 24%.
The payoff would look like this.
So while options are a powerful tool that can ruin an investor who doesn’t
understand them, here you see how they can be used as protection. Remember,
however, that unless you’re a seasoned options trader, it’s wise to leave
even protective strategies to the professionals. In fact, the Money
Forever team only recommends one options strategy for individual
investors: selling
covered calls. Learn more about this straightforward, low-risk moneymaker
and download our free option calculator here.
