In the last fifteen months, from August 1, 2104 to November 27, 2015,
International Reserves, as calculated by Bloomberg, have fallen
three-quarters of a trillion ($752 billion) dollars, or 6.52%. International
Reserves peaked at $12.032 Trillion on August 1, 2014, and have fallen since
then to $11.28 Trillion on November 27, 2105.
Central Banks increase their Reserves by purchasing Government Bonds -
denominated in Dollars, Euros, Pounds or Yen - when those currencies come
into their hands as a result of a surplus of exports over imports; all
countries strive to have such surpluses, because if they are not able to
export more than they import, then they are condemned to devalue their
currencies in order to make their exports more attractive; they are also
burdened with higher interest rates on their borrowings, as a result of the
threat of further devaluation. Higher interest rates in turn, exacerbate the
outflow of Reserve currencies and make devaluation all the more necessary.
The fact is that countries holding Reserves have not been paid for the
totality of their export surpluses. To hold Reserves is to grant credit. The
proof is that Reserves held by the exporting countries are Bonds, that is to
say, certificates of debt. The last figure for International Reserves, as of
November 27, is $11,280,000,000,000 Dollars - $11.28 Trillion Dollars. The
figure nicely documents the total value of what the exporters of the world
have sold to the countries which issue Reserve Currencies, and for which they
have not been paid, since August 15, 1971.
At the present time, the system at work since the end of World War II is
operating in reverse. Reserves are falling, the majority of which are held in
Dollars. Government Bonds held as Reserves are being sold off. An important
contraction in world commerce is taking place.
The exporting countries are not obtaining excess funds (from their exports
over their imports) with which to purchase Government Bonds for Reserves. On
the contrary, a flight of Capital from the exporting countries to the Reserve
issuing countries is taking place, and the Central Banks of the exporting
countries are selling off their Reserves, to provide funds for the Capital
flight.
When 6.52% of the total Reserves has been sold into the market, one would
expect the value of the related Bonds to fall, and their interest rates to
rise, other things being equal. If their interest rates have not risen, it
must be due to the generosity of the buyers of the Bonds. Perhaps the entities
that show such generosity in their purchases are the same entities who sold
the Bonds in the first place, the Federal Reserve among others?
The Fed and the ECB have been in comfortable position of lowering interest
rates and thus raising the value of the Government Bonds they sell. When the
long term Bond rate is lowered from 4% to 2%, the value of those Bonds tends
to double. But when the 2% rate rises just a bit to 2.25%, the value of the
long term Bond falls very sharply. The Fed and the ECB must buy back the
Bonds which are being sold in this liquidity crisis, or else the whole Bond
universe collapses.
China's Yuan has recently been accepted by the IMF, to form a part of its
"basket of currencies" and eventually the Yuan will probably be
anointed as a Reserve Currency by the IMF. If and when that happens, China
will have its own Reserve Currency, and less need to maintain its present
enormous pile of Reserves in Dollar and Euro Government Bonds. So the
sell-off of International Reserves would become even stronger. The Fed and
the ECB have enjoyed selling Bonds at ever higher prices and ever lower
interest rates, so low that in Europe these Bonds have a negative yield. They
will have to develop an appetite for Bonds, because China is going to send a
bunch of them back to the sellers when the Yuan achieves Reserve Currency
status. As China liquidates a portion of its Reserves, guess what China is
going to buy with the Dollars and Euros it receives for its Dollar and Euro
Bonds?
The majority of Reserves are held in Dollars, as we have said, and when
the Dollar Bonds are sold, they are sold for Dollars to satisfy the Capital
flight, and buying the Dollar makes its relative value rise. From a low
point, some years ago, of about 71 against a basket of currencies, the Dollar
has appreciated to 100 at the present time, increasing the strain upon
debtors (in the exporting countries) who owe Dollars by some 41%. The strain
upon the debtors increases the urgency in getting out of Dollar debt and
stimulates the related Capital flight.
What we are witnessing these days is a mighty contraction in economic
activity around the world, that reinforces itself. International Reserves are
being sold off in a desperate search for liquidity. The contraction was
originally seeded by a slow-down in the economies of the Reserve-issuing
countries, i.e., USA, Britain, Europe and Japan.
The Chinese evidently have some plans which they are not divulging, for we
see that China is purchasing huge amounts of gold. In the meantime, the US
insists on trashing the price of gold, as if to say that the Dollar is and
will remain the world's supreme currency till the end of time.
China is quietly accumulating gold and saying nothing. But we can try to
guess what China is thinking: "The US is mired in an insoluble problem.
Do nothing to provoke the US. The US will destroy itself in a huge
collapse."
A world struggling with increasingly severe economic problems is not a
world that is going to be in the mood or in condition to continue to respect
international treaties regulating commerce, much less such regulatory dreams
as co-ordinate action on "Climate Change".
What lies ahead is a situation where each country will attempt desperate
measures to ensure a minimum of internal stability. Treaties will be ignored
or thrown overboard. Devaluations around the world will proliferate; some
countries will declare bankruptcy. The gravity of the crisis will make these
events inevitable. We have just seen India refuse to abide by the rules of
the World Trade Organization (WTO); the WTO rules say that governments are
not to grant subsidies to sectors of their economies. But India is forced to
subsidize its agriculture, because it has a population of over 1 billion and
67% of the people depend on cheap food for survival. So the statist
international rules - emanating mainly from the US - to regulate the whole
world will be trashed, eventually.
When push comes to shove, China, with 1.3 billion or more population, will
take unorthodox measures. The pressure of the enormous population of China,
made up of quite intelligent men and women, is going to force its government
to stop adhering to international covenants. China will take whatever
measures can offer hope to the Chinese.
China will then say to the world: "We sell cheap. Very cheap. But, we
sell for gold, for very little gold; and we pay with gold for what we buy -
for very little gold, but we pay gold. You want our stuff, you find a way to
pay us in gold. Or else, what do you have to offer us, in exchange for our stuff?
You have something we want - we pay in gold. Rest of the world, do as you
please."
The nations of the world are not going to flounder endlessly in the crisis
that is upon us. Out of the huge crisis, China will break away and state its
terms. And the terms will be: GOLD. The rest of the world will follow.
