This article is largely the text of a presentation I recently gave for the launch of my latest book.
The well-attended event took place at the Glenbow Museum in Calgary.
The image above is a map of Alberta’s oil sands, and its purpose is to
orient you geographically to the oil sands themselves. I have registered the
book as a Canada 150 publication, so it sports that logo.
In global terms, the oil sands are the world’s second-largest
petroleum resource. Only Venezuela has more bitumen in the ground.
Why
history?
In my view, people write
and read history to find ways to make society better, and to prevent it from
getting worse.
Inquiry into history has played a role in many of the key events
of our planet’s past. For example, the women’s liberation movement of the 60s
and 70s began with President Kennedy’s inquiry into the status of women, and
fundamentally changed social perceptions of women.
Similarly, many inquiries and studies have been behind efforts
to empower Canada’s indigenous people, after the dysfunction created in those
communities through more than a century of residential schools. One of the first
steps to begin making amends is to understand what went before.
An important part of moving ahead, in other words, is to study
history, and put it on the record – whether as a book, a film, a website or
even through a talk like the one I am giving today. For the history wonks among
you, this probably seems like stating the obvious.
About
the book
I obviously can’t tell
you much about the contents of a rather fat book. Instead, I want to tell you a
small part of the story – what I take to be the amazing Suncor story. This
story takes us back to the North American petroleum industry’s earliest days.
You may not know that this story began in Ohio, decades before
such great discoveries as Spindletop shifted much of the industry’s focus to
Texas.
During Canada’s Centennial 50 years ago, an Ohio-based American
company laid the foundations for Suncor Energy, which has become Canada’s
largest energy company. Here’s how it happened, as seen through the eyes of the
people who were there.
Today I want to tell you the stories of four men who played
roles in building Canada’s largest petroleum company.
·The first of these men was J.
Howard Pew, who was born in 1882 and died in 1971. I learned about him from
books, but also by talking to people who knew him.
·Number two was Robert
McClements, Jr., who is almost 90.
·Another was the late Jack Avery.
Jack became a field worker in 1966, just before commercial oil sands
development began.
·The fourth was Rick George, who
died last month, aged 67.
The people who developed Alberta’s oil sands turned Alberta into
an economic powerhouse, and my book tells the story of how that happened.
I based my writing about the last three of these men in
interviews from among 117 which the Petroleum History Society collected,
transcribed and donated to the Glenbow. I coordinated that project, and it
sparked my interest in writing the book we are launching today.
Among the other people I had the honour to interview were
Premier Peter Lougheed, who died about 18 months later, and the remarkable Tom
Morimoto, who actually worked in the oil sands as a teenager, during the Great
Depression. Tom died about a year after our interview.
The interviews that comprised the oil sands oral history project
illustrate the vital role that oral history can play in preserving the stories
of our past.
J. Howard Pew
I can’t imagine anyone
in petroleum history I’d rather have met than J. Howard Pew.
I once gave a presentation in which I mentioned Pew’s
contributions to the oil sands. At the end of my talk, a former Sun Oil
employee – he had worked in the lower echelons of the company’s global
enterprise – stood up to make a few extemporaneous comments. The man’s name was
John, and he had worked at one of the company’s field projects in Canada.
John met Pew twice, he told me. The first time was at a company
social gathering. The second time was several years later at a staff meeting in
the field. On the second occasion, Pew came up to him and said “Hello, John.
How’s your dog, June?” On both names – man and dog – Pew’s remarkable memory
was correct.
Born in 1882, Pew graduated from high school at age 14. He
graduated from university at 18, and he became president of the Sun Oil Company
at age 30.
Pew and his brother Joseph transformed the Ohio-based company by introducing new refining, marketing, and
distribution techniques.
During the First World War he led the company’s move into crude oil tankers,
playing a vital role in supplying the Allies with the oil that enabled them to win
the war. He founded a Canadian
subsidiary known as Sun Company of Canada with headquarters in Montréal in
1919.
Others had been experimenting with oil sands development since
the 1920s. Pew’s company began its investigations in the late 1940s.
Pew was one of the early proponents of continental energy
security, partly because of his experience during two world wars. North America
depended heavily on oil from the Middle East, and submarines could destroy
tanker traffic. For that reason he saw the need for North America to develop continental
energy security, and he saw the oil sands as a vital part of that equation.
In the early 1960s, Sun Oil’s majority-owned subsidiary filed an
application for a commercial oil sands project in Alberta. It would be the
first ever constructed.
Pew was one of the ten wealthiest men in America, and one of the
few with the financial resources and the technical know-how to pull off a
project of this magnitude.
In 1967 – the end of September marks the 50th
anniversary – Pew told the audience at the plant’s opening ceremonies that “No
nation can long be secure in this atomic age unless it be amply supplied with
petroleum... It is the considered opinion of our group that if the North
American continent is to produce the oil to meet its requirements in the years
ahead, oil from the Athabasca area must of necessity play an important role.”
Ernest
Manning
It would be hard to
overstate Ernest Manning’s impact on Alberta’s oil sands. Alberta’s eighth
premier, he recognized their potential and took steps to spur interest within
what would soon become a rapidly-growing petroleum industry.
First by providing provincial funding for Bitumount during the
Second World War, his government provided political assistance for the
embryonic industry during its most critical quarter century. Shortly after the
opening ceremonies for GCOS, premier Manning retired from government, after a
quarter century as premier. He saw the Great Canadian Oil Sands plant as one of
the crowning accomplishments of his career.
I didn’t interview Manning for the oral history project, of
course, but I did interview his son Preston, who rather dramatically described negotiations
between the two men.
“My father looked Pew in the eye and said ‘We believe you can
build a plant where nobody’s done it before, a 40,000 barrel-a-day plant, and
we’re prepared to give you a lease and a permit.’”
To make the plant economic, though, Pew needed Alberta to open
up markets for the oil the plant would produce. And that would require shutting
in some of Alberta’s profitable conventional oil. Manning said he would do
this.
Without missing a beat, Preston said, “Pew looked him in the eye
and said, ‘We believe you will honour that commitment. Without it, we cannot
finance the plant.’ So they shook hands on it, and that’s what sealed the deal.”
Jack Avery
Now, I’d like to move
toward the bottom of the chain of command in the Sun organization, and tell you
a bit about Jack Avery, whose proudest achievement was his participation in
D-Day, which effectively ended World War II.
Jack was not a skilled worker when he became the plant’s fifth
fulltime employee. This occurred in September, 1966, just before plant production
began.
But when the company opened the taps in the winter of 1967-68,
it seemed that everything was going wrong. “We were frozen up from Grey Cup
weekend well into February,” Jack told me.
The reason? The plant had been designed by a California
engineering company. “California is not like Fort McMurray,” he said. “We have
a little thing up here called winter.” The plant hadn’t been designed for
northern Alberta.
Avery added that Sun quickly changed the engineering, with the
result that within two years the problems were gone. “In the winter of 68-69,
we had a stretch that stayed really cold, yet the plant ran good. And when I
say cold, I mean -40o at night and daytime -30o.”
Through the oil sands oral history project, I have had the
honour of interviewing both of the other two men I want to focus on today. The
first is Robert McClements, Jr.
Robert
McClements, Jr.
Bob McClements had been
construction manager for GCOS, and he was the project’s first project manager
when the plant went on stream in 1967. At the time, Sun was the world’s sixth
largest publically-traded integrated oil company.
In 1968, he wrote an article titled “The Athabasca tar sands,”
in a book about the Canadian oil and gas industry. It is the authoritative
description of that project when it went on production half a century ago.
In the 1980s McClements succeeded Pew as Sun Oil’s president and
chief executive officer. During his tenure at the top, the company remained a
petroleum giant.
When Sun was near the top of its game, McClements asked Rick
George to take charge of the company’s Canadian subsidiary. At the time, George
was in charge of North Sea development and production for Sun. On that
assignment, he had overseen construction of Europe’s first purpose-built
offshore production platform.
“I flew over to London and asked him whether he would give up
his position with an established operation in the UK and move to a totally
different environment in Canada,” McClements told me, and the following day
Rick George agreed.
“You have never met a more unassuming, low-key but brilliant
executive in your life. Rick George was quiet and unassuming, “but when he
spoke you listened. He knew what he was doing because he came up the ranks. He
was given increasing responsibilities and he did well in every one of them.”
Shortly after hiring Rick George, McClements retired.
When George took up residence in the company’s Toronto head
office as Suncor’s president and chief operating officer in 1990, the company’s
primary assets included the money-losing oil sands plant, some service stations
and a small refinery in Ontario.
But
times were changing – specifically, Sun Oil was divesting itself of some
potentially valuable assets.
Rick
George takes over
Why did the American parent divest
itself of Suncor? “We were actually going through a recession back in 1991-92,
both here in North America and in Europe,” Rick George told me.
“The Government of Ontario owned 75
percent of the plant, but was struggling with paying their bills. Sun Company
had some issues around debt as well. It was just fortunate that both of them
actually needed money at the time and decided to sell Suncor to the public.”
Big
mistake: Suncor had market capitalization of $1 billion when George took over.
Today it’s about 65 times bigger, and 20 times larger than Sunoco.
Assisted
by Dee Parkinson-Marcoux, who brought a traditional mining background to
Suncor, the first items of business during George’s presidency were to
restructure the plant, deploy truck-and-shovel technology for mining, make
major improvements to the processing plant, and expand capacity to 130,000
barrels per day.
Despite dreadful oil prices, in 1998 Suncor filed its regulatory
application for Project Millennium, comprised of mining capacity increases and
a new upgrader. The project was a dramatic expansion designed to increase
production to 210,000 barrels per day.
Rick George recalled that, “about the time our board approved
the Millennium Project, which was 1997, The
Economist forecast that prices would be stuck at $5.00 a barrel for a long
period of time…. I think what they lost track of is that this industry moves
through cycles and it will continue to roll through cycles as we invest, as we
try to figure out where the next investments should be.”
I could offer a lot of detail about Suncor’s growth during his
tenure, but I only want to mention one more: In 2009, the company announced a
$19.1-billion bid to take over Petro-Canada. With the merger’s success, Suncor
suddenly had a much bigger refining and marketing presence in Canada, light oil
and gas properties around the world and significant additional oil sands
properties.
“We
picked Petro-Canada off at the low point of the market, or pretty close to
that,” George told me. “I’d thought for a period of time about putting the
assets together, particularly their downstream with our upgrading and our
upstream made a lot of sense.” In his
view the deal would create synergies and drive costs out of the system. “All of
that was there in spades. I think it was a great move, made at the right time.
And, you know, most mergers actually don’t drive shareholder value. This is one
that did.”
He was competitive when it comes to production systems and oil sands technology,
but collaborative on environmental issues. As one of the founders of the Oil
Sands Leadership Initiative, he told me the industry should share “anything to
do with safety, the environment, environmental improvement, anything on
reducing our air, land and water footprints. This is important, very important.”
George
told me that even though he had been at the helm of Suncor for 20 years, the
real excitement was yet to come. “I think the next ten years in this industry
are going to be some of its best,” he said, pointing specifically to technology
around reducing the environmental footprint of oil sands operations. “It is
going to astound people how quickly this happens and how well it happens.”
The step-changes
will come particularly in the in situ area, he said. “The important thing to
remember about steam assisted gravity drainage is that is still a young
industry. You’re going to see a real take-off because of the critical mass of
investment in technologies that will rapidly change how we do this. It will
reduce water use. It will reduce energy intensity. It will make wells more
productive. As wells get to the end of their life, we’ll figure out ways to
extend that and recover more.”
“Listen,
industry is looking at all kinds of ways to [improve efficiency], whether it’s
use of solvents, surfactants, better downhole pumps, whether you eventually,
once you get these caverns, use fire-flood,” he said. “There are so many
technologies out there that are being looked at, being researched, being tried
in the field, you’re going to see this thing change rapidly, particularly over
the next decade or so. It’s actually quite exciting.”
George’s
final year in the company saw record production, record cash flow and earnings,
and total debt way down, to $7 billion. I asked him whether, twenty years before,
he could have imagined that Suncor would become the largest oil company in Canada
– bigger by far than Imperial.
“No.
That would have been the most improbable thing. But you know what? It’s been an
exciting ride. What I would say is, the potential to do those kinds of things
is still out there. If I were, you know, 20 years or 30 years younger than I am
today…. Opportunities still exist to do those kinds of things.”
To the present
When Rick George retired six years
ago, chief operating officer Steve Williams inherited Canada’s largest energy
company, but he didn’t stand still. Under
his leadership, Suncor used a combination of historically low interest rates
and the oil price crash for rapid and fundamental expansion during the 2016 oil
price bust. The company began by making a takeover bid for Canadian Oil Sands, the
only piece of the Syncrude giant to trade directly on the stock market.
Reflecting
a rapid drop in oil and gas stocks, the company began by buying the company’s shares
on the open market. Eventually, Williams signed an amalgamation agreement with the
company. A friendly $6.6-billion cash and stock deal gave Suncor control of the
company through a subsidiary. Two months later, Suncor bought Murphy Oil Corp’s interest in Syncrude for
$937-million.
Combined,
these two acquisitions gave Suncor majority control of Syncrude, the largest
single source of oil in Canada.
So that, ladies and gentlemen, is how
Suncor changed from a small, American-owned downstream oil company to the
largest energy company in Canada – a process that took a century.
Of
course, there are many other fine stories in the book. I hope you enjoy reading
them as much as I enjoyed the telling.
–
Peter McKenzie-Brown is the author of the recently-released Bitumen:
The people, performance and passions behind Alberta’s oil sands. His other books have also been about Canada’s energy
industry.
