Valentine's Day leap in yields and interest rates sees gold price rise...
OKAY, this is weird,
writes Adrian Ash at BullionVault.
"Increase in US inflation sparks bond sell-off," as the
Financial Times reports.
"Treasury yields hit 4-year highs," the
FT goes on, referring to the interest rate now offered by 10-year bonds, "as Wall Street fears sharper interest-rate increases."
Yet as bonds sank on the
Valentine's Day inflation data for January 2018, gold prices rose, jumping almost $30 per ounce for the sharpest 1-day move since August.
This doesn't compute. Not against recent history or received wisdom.
"The traditional argument is
rising yields are bad for gold," as strategist Aasif Hirani of Tradebulls Group in Ahmedabad, India, writes in the
Economic Times.
"There is a negative relationship between gold and interest rates."
More specifically, "The true driver for gold is real interest rates," as the aptly named Maxwell Gold
says at trust-fund provider ETF Securities. He points to the stronger inverse relationship between gold prices and bond yields adjusted by the rate of inflation.
"Changes in real yields," agreed a portfolio manager at asset-management giant Pimco back in 2014,
stating the growing consensus, "can explain the majority of changes in gold prices over the past several years."
Even ahead of this week's US inflation shock to bond yields however, "Gold has
completely dislocated from its negative correlation to real interest rates," said analysts at Swiss bank and wholesale bullion market-maker UBS in late January.
"We believe this dislocation is more a temporary phenomenon than a change in regime. [We expect] re-establishment of the historical negative correlation between US real rates and gold."
But is this historical link now historic? It certainly reached historic levels as 2017 ended.
Did that mark one last hurrah for a relationship ever-more analysts had noted and which ever-more traders were clearly playing?
The way things used to work (and might do again soon) made sense for gold versus bond yields immediately, mechanically and financially.
- Financially because, when interest rates go up, people tend to feel less urgent need of a cold, hard store of value no one can create or destroy, proven across 5,000 years of human history.
- Mechanically because higher interest rates raise the opportunity cost of owning gold rather than holding cash in the bank.
- And immediately, because higher interests also raise the cost of betting that gold will go higher. Whether you bet through Comex futures or forwards in the wholesale physical market, any such contract effectively sees you betting with borrowed money. Higher rates make that bet more expensive. So when longer-term interest rates rise, hedge funds and other players who were betting that gold prices would go up close out their contracts quick-smart.
But not here in early 2018. The pattern right now is gold prices rising even as bond yields rise, both in nominal and inflation-adjusted terms.
What gives?
Statisticians track how closely two things move together by working out their correlation. Run over a period of time, this figure stands at +1.0 if they move exactly in lockstep together. Or it reads -1.0 if they move exactly opposite, with one rising to mirror a fall in the other.
No, correlation doesn't prove causation. But it sure doesn't deny it, either. And checking gold prices against shorter-term US bond yields, the metal has consistently shown an inverse relationship with interest rates.
On a 12-month basis, gold's correlation with 2-year Treasury yields has been negative 59% of the time over the last 40 years. It gave a negative reading in 85% of all months between 2008 and 2018.
January this year, in contrast, ended with gold's strongest positive 12-month correlation against 2-year US Treasury yields since late 2006, back before the subprime slowdown slipped into a crash and then a crisis.
Adjust those rates for inflation, and this 2018 switch becomes more stark again. The co-movement with gold prices of 2-year Treasury bond yields minus the annual pace of CPI inflation hasn't been this strong since late 2010. Only 16 months out of the previous 180 showed a stronger positive correlation between gold prices and real 2-year yields.
Further out, the same picture, only more so. Already by late January, gold was showing its strongest positive weekly correlation with real 10-year bond yields (this time adjusted by the market's own 'breakeven' 10-year inflation outlook) since gold's first post-crash rally of late-summer 2013. It has only been stronger 8 times in the 784 weeks since these 10-over-10 data begin from 2003.
So is that it? Has gold snapped its negative connection with the cost of borrowing?
Three possibilities stand out among many others...
- The relationship was overdue a snapback. Gold's negative correlation with real 10-year yields set all-time highs in late 2017, reaching a 12-month record of -0.70 against the -0.31 average since 2003. This early 2018 "surprise" is no such thing.
- Alternatively, gold's underlying correlation with real yields did not (and cannot) break down in New Year 2018. Gold's surprising response simply means it is now over-priced at $1350 per once today. Sell, and either look to get back in lower down or quit gold entirely as the US Federal Reserve finally gets ahead of the curve and hikes its key interest rate faster than the cost of living increases.
- Or thirdly, it might be that bond yields are wrong, and gold is calling it right. Inflation will continue to rise, but the US Federal Reserve will fail to raise its key interest rate any faster as a result, and that will eventually feed back into lower bond yields. Because, just like every Fed chair before him (except early 1980s' chief Paul Volcker), Jerome Powell doesn't want to crush the debt-heavy US economy, let alone the US stock market.
Personally I'd say option No.3 looks most likely. But
that's just prejudice based on investing in and studying gold since the 21st Century got started.
Historically, the other two interpretations also look a fair guess right now. And the surging stock market just throws another curve-ball at analysts trying to figure out what's moving gold higher. Because typically, gold tends to do well when equities fall, making it a valuable tool for investors wanting to
diversify stockmarket risk.
Here again however, there is precedent. And again, like the last time gold's co-movement with real bond yields was this strongly positive, it also comes back before the global financial crisis broke a little over a decade ago.
See how, from mid-2003 to early-2006, the price of gold (yellow) rose alongside the US stockmarket (blue), the rate of inflation (red), and the yield offered by shorter-term US bonds (green)?
Any "typically" negative relationship didn't apply. All four went up together for the best part of 3 years running...a goldilocks period of rising asset prices, better returns to cash, and stronger pricing power for US corporations.
Gold and the stockmarket then pushed higher still as inflation flattened and fell, gaining even as real interest rates rose thanks to 2-year bond yields holding firm. But if the too-good-to-be-true gains of 2003-2006 weren't warning enough, this apparent surprise really said that something ugly was afoot. It came just before that fat gray bar marking the sharpest US recession since the Great Depression.
Gold prices then kept rising during that global financial crisis. Equity prices, in contrast, took almost 5 years to get back to what had been, at the 2007 peak, a series of new all-time record highs.
That's all just history today of course, even if it does feel weirdly familiar right now. And one other possibility might explain this upmove in gold, but this time with no precedent in modern history.
Because maybe, just maybe, the sell-off in bonds doesn't reflect fears of inflation so much as fears of US government debt in itself.
If the world ever does get sick of lending ever more money to the United States' Treasury, the price of Treasury bonds will sink by defintion. In that outcome, it's hard to imagine the price of gold failing to rise sharply. Because the metal is, after all,
"the ultimate insurance policy" to quote former Fed bubble-blower Alan Greenspan.
And for savers and investors everywhere, a collapse in US Treasury debt, together with the disaster it would mean for the Dollar, would mark a truly historic crisis.
