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Gold is becoming more and more acceptable in the investment community and
especially since interest rates have approached zero and in some countries
even gone negative. Until recently no portfolio manager would have mentioned
gold and even less recommended it. Since the beginning of the year, soon
after some called gold just a useless and worthless rock going down to at
least $400, a list of hedge fund managers came out with bullish calls for
gold and indicated they have been buying. After years of denigrating gold,
the investment profession is starting to discover the liquidity trap and
acknowledge the value of cash and, more specifically, gold and its place in a
diversified portfolio. It remains that gold, as a percentage of global
financial assets in 2015, represented only 0.58% vs 2.74% in the ‘80s and
5.00% in the ‘60s.
 
World central banks are much better positioned in 2015 with 14.09% of
international reserves, with the U.S. and the Euro Area well above a
historically considered prudent level of 10% in a balanced investment
portfolio.The world average is 9%. The U.S., with 74.9% , and the Euro Area,
with 55.9%, are well above that, while Canada, with 0%, is well below.
In a recent (May 11, 2016) interview Solita Marcelli, fron JPMorgan Private Bank,
said, "Central banks may consider diversifying their reserves [as they
anticipate] negative rates on existing holdings," and, "Gold is a
great portfolio hedge in an environment where the world government bonds are
yielding at historically low levels." She also added that, "Gold is
looking more and more attractive every single day … As a non-yielding asset,
it has a minimal storage cost, so when you compare it to negative-yielding
assets, it actually has a positive carry."
In a May 3rd, 2016 article Kenneth Rogoff, former chief economist of the IMF
and Professor of Economics and Public Policy at Harvard University,
recommends that developing countries and, more specifically, China increase
their gold reserves above 10%. For China to increase its gold reserves from
the present 2.2% level to more than 10%, it would mean a substantial increase
in gold purchases, which are already high. If only China of all the
developing countries would do it, it would have a significant impact on the
visible gold market, which was only 4,455 tonnes in 2015. I and most gold
analysts think China already has 4,000 tonnes of gold in its possession, but
not accounted as official international reserves. All China would have to do
is switch those gold holdings from the other institution that holds it to the
Popular Bank of China (PBOC).
Below I created a table with all the IMF countries with gold reserves
below10% who qualify, according to Mr. Rogoff. The major developed countries
are in red and the developing countries are in black.
According to Kenneth W. Hoffman,
metals and mining analyst at Bloomberg Industries, “Based on conversations
with officials in China and Mongolia, it’s evident that China feels they want
as much gold, as much as the U.S.” The U.S. has 8,133.5 tonnes. However,
China doesn’t want to disturb the gold market by substantially increasing its
gold purchases and thusly push the price higher before it has achieved its
target of just a little bit more than the U.S., around 8,500 tonnes.
Kenneth Rogoff surprised many by his 10% recommendation. He is not a gold
advocate and he actually himself takes enormous care to distance himself, not
in a very professional manner I would say, from those who advocate a form of
gold standard by calling them “American far-right crackpots”. Kenneth Rogoff
has argued recently in favor of banning cash so that governments can effectively
introduce negative interest rates. He states in his article that, “With
interest rates stuck near zero, rich-country bond prices cannot drop much
more than they already have, while the supply of advanced-country debt is
limited by tax capacity and risk tolerance.”He continues by saying, “Gold,
despite being in nearly fixed supply, does not have this problem, because
there is no limit on its price. Moreover, there is a case to
be made that gold is an extremely low-risk asset with
average real returns comparable to very short-term debt. And, because gold is
a highly liquid asset – a key criterion for a reserve asset
– central banks can afford to look past its short-term volatility to
longer-run average returns.” Gold, after being denigrated for years by the
investment and economic profession as a worthless and useless rock (not even
a metal)… to hear an eminent economist (not from the Austrian School of
economics which are supposed to be “American far-right crackpots“) calling
gold “extremely low-risk asset” and “highly liquid asset” is quite a
surprise.
Why would he do it and why now? Author Jim Rickards of The New Case for Gold speculates in his latest
newsletter Strategic Intelligence, and I think he is right
– that what Mr. Rogoff wants is to push the price of gold up and, in so
doing, create inflation by having the IMF and emerging markets do the dirty
work so the U.S. Congress and the taxpayers wouldn’t know where the inflation
is coming from.
When I became bullish on gold in 2004 and speculated that gold would hit
$5,000 within about 15 years, it was based among other things on a stampede
by central banks similar to what happened after the collapse of the London
Gold Pool in 1968. If Kenneth Rogoff’s recommendation is reiterated by other
well-known personalities it will give credibility and acceptance by central
banks in general to increase their gold reserves, ridicule Bank of Canada’s
decision to sell all its gold reserves and encourage the investment
management community to do the same, creating a stampede on gold as in the
‘70s. The major players in the official gold reserves sector that could
follow Mr. Rogoff’s advice are already major buyers of gold: China, India,
Iran and Saudi Arabia. Russia is already above that level at 15% and is
continuing to increase its gold reserves at a fast pace.
Mr. Rogoff doesn’t mention developed countries but I would not be
surprised if some would do it too. I am thinking of the UK, Switzerland and
Canada who, in recent years, have been quite anti-gold. Economists like Mr.
Rogoff can give public officials the needed cover to reverse their decision.
In an interview I did in 2014 with Marc Faber,
editor of the The
Gloom, Boom & Doom Report, he told me to “be your own central
bank and buy gold”. I think this is excellent advice. The 10% Mr. Rogoff
recommends for developing countries’ central banks is also a good allocation,
more or less, for individuals, depending on their personal circumstances
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