In the same category

Indice « Big Mac » et effets de l’inflation

IMG Auteur
Published : August 29th, 2013
592 words - Reading time : 1 - 2 minutes
( 9 votes, 4.7/5 ) , 3 commentaries
Print article
  Article Comments Comment this article Rating All Articles  
0
Send
3
comment
Our Newsletter...
Category : Editorials

 

 

 

 

Le Big Mac Index est généralement utilisé pour comparer la valeur des devises entre deux pays. Il s’agit d’estimer si elles ne seraient pas sur- ou sous évaluées l’une par rapport à l’autre. Pourtant, il pourrait s’avérer plus utile s’il était utilisé pour évaluer la perte du pouvoir d’achat d’une monnaie-papier locale sujette à l’inflation des autorités monétaires. Les résultats d’un tel exercice sont fort intéressants, notamment si on les compare à l’indice des prix à la consommation (IPC ou CPI en anglais).


Le Big Mac Index (BMI) a été présenté par le magazine The Economist en 1986. Depuis, celui-ci publie régulièrement les données à ce sujet. L’utilisation traditionnelle du BMI consiste à juger de la sur- ou de la sous-évaluation de deux devises en comparant les prix du Big Mac entre les deux pays. Ceci revient à considérer implicitement que le prix devrait être le même partout dans le monde (en tenant compte du taux de change).


Il est vrai que ce produit a peu évolué au fil des années et qu’il obéit à un cahier des charges similaire dans les quatre coins du monde. Cependant, McDonald’s utilise généralement des matières premières locales, paie des taxes et des loyers différents, sans parler d’autres facteurs spécifiques à chaque pays. Il n’est par conséquent pas illogique que le prix du Big Mac varie d’un pays à un autre. De ce fait, l’utilisation du BMI paraît contestable.


Cela n’empêche que son utilisation peut avoir du sens s’il vise à suivre l’évolution du prix du Big Mac au fil du temps. Car les effets de la création monétaire inflationniste risquent fort de s’y refléter au fil du temps.


Le spécialiste Peter Schiff s’est penché sur les chiffres à cet égard, en comparant l’évolution du BMI aux États-Unis avec celle du CPI. Il a ainsi découvert qu’entre 1986 et 2003, le BMI américain a dans l’ensemble augmenté de pair avec le CPI américain. S’il y a bien eu des divergences certaines années, les deux indices ont néanmoins affiché une hausse du même ordre sur l’ensemble de la période, soir environ 68%. La mesure de la perte du pouvoir d’achat du dollar serait donc similaire avec les deux indices.


Or, depuis avril 2003 – soit après le crash des années 2000, une période caractérisée par des taux bas et une forte création monétaire – le BMI et le CPI ont largement divergé. Alors que ce dernier affiche en janvier 2013 une augmentation de 25%, le BMI, de son côté, s’est envolé de 61% sur la même période, soit bien plus du double. Sachant que la recette du fameux hamburger n’a pas changé au cours de la dernière décennie, Peter Schiff conclut que c’est donc la « mesure officielle » de l’inflation qui a dû être modifiée. Elle sous-estimerait potentiellement la perte de pouvoir d’achat du dollar.


Qu’en est-il de la situation de l’euro?


Un décalage est également observable. Le BMI a augmenté plus vite, notamment depuis 2006 que le CPI dans la zone euro (voir Figure 1). En janvier 2013, ce dernier aura ainsi augmenté de « seulement » 13% contre 22% pour le BMI, soit un écart entre les deux de 67%.


Figure 1 : Évolution du BMI et du CPI dans la zone euro, 2000-2013




Source : The Economist ; Eurostat, 2013.


Si le BMI reflète là-aussi peut-être mieux la perte de pouvoir d’achat de l’euro, il ne faut pas oublier qu’il sous-estime toujours l’ampleur réelle de l’inflation, dont les effets sont compensés en partie par les gains de productivité qui limitent l’envolée des prix.


 

 

<< Previous article
Rate : Average note :4.7 (9 votes)
>> Next article
Valentin Petkantchin détient un doctorat ès sciences économiques et est diplômé du Magistère média et formation économique de l’Université d’Aix-Marseille III. Il a été chercheur au Centre d’analyse économique et enseignant d’économie au sein de cette même université. Entre 2004 et 2006, il a été le directeur de la recherche de l’Institut économique de Montréal. Il est l’auteur d’un livre sur l’histoire de la pensée économique et l’œuvre d’Adam Smith, intitulé Les sentiments moraux font la richesse des nations. Il est actuellement chercheur à l’Institut économique Molinari et analyste à la société de gestion Overlord France Finance.
WebsiteSubscribe to his services
Comments closed
  All Favorites Best Rated  
Ancien article , donc plus d'actualité ?
Fast food giants prey on parents' gullibility to sell unhealthy food to children

Thursday, July 13, 2006 by: Dani Veracity

McDonald's currently spends more money on advertising in general than any other brand in all industries combined, helping it replace Coca-Cola as the world's most famous brand, according to "Fast Food Nation" author Eric Schlosser. The fast food franchise operates more playgrounds than any other American private corporation, is the namesake for McKids, which is the bestselling line of children's clothing in the United States, and is one of the largest toy distributors. In 1998, 89 percent of American children under age 8 had visited McDonald's at least once per month. Furthermore, according to a research study of American children, 96 percent of those surveyed could recognize Ronald McDonald, making him the second most identifiable fictional character after Santa Claus. All this has led Schlosser to conclude, "The impact of McDonald's on the way we live today is hard to overstate."

Unfortunately, the company that has such a large impact on our society sells food and beverages that also appear to increase risk for the chronic diseases that plague our population. The "McLibel" trial -- when the McDonald's Corporation took two working class, British citizens to court for passing out anti-McDonald's leaflets -- ended up working against the plaintiff, as the trial's widespread popularity made the defendants' condemnations of McDonald's more well known than if they would have just been allowed to pass out the leaflets. "Not only had the trial focused public attention on ethical issues related to McDonald's marketing to children of diets high in calories, saturated fat, and sodium, but it also had illustrated the time and expense to which a food company was willing to go to stifle criticism of such practices," Marion Nestle writes in "Food Politics."
drink cuts down on sugar, but milk can also induce asthma, allergies, acne and constipation.
"Ads would link the company's french fries 'to the excitement and fanaticism people feel about the NBA.' The feelings of pride inspired by the Olympics would be used in ads to help launch a new hamburger with more meat than the Big Mac. The link with the Walt Disney Company was considered by far the most important, designed to 'enhance perceptions of Brand McDonald's.' A memo sought to explain the underlying psychology behind many visits to McDonald's: parents took their children to McDonald's because they 'want the kids to love them ... it makes them feel like a good parent.' Purchasing something from Disney was the 'ultimate' way to make kids happy, but it was too expensive to do every day ... The ads aimed at 'minivan parents' would carry an unspoken message about taking your children to McDonald's: 'It's an easy way to feel like a good parent.'"

Marketing tactics play on our emotions, making child-directed marketing seem somewhat sinister, as it plays with the emotions of children and their parents. The globalization of fast food franchises like McDonald's has taken the marketing of unhealthy foods to children to a global level. Fortunately, you can protect yourself and your family from marketing ploys with "Spam Filters for Your Brain," a book by Mike Adams. When you buy it through Truth Publishing, you'll also get "The Real Safety Guide to Protecting Against Advertisers, Marketers and Big Business Propaganda" for free.

Overall, be more aware of marketing ploys. Taking your child to McDonald's doesn't make your child feel nearly as special as simply receiving love, time and attention.

Expert opinion on marketing and children:

The early days of child-focused marketing
Children were identified as a separate market for advertisers in the 1960s. The concept developed quickly, and now there are conferences, books, and ad agencies all focused on children as consumers. Marketing handbooks encourage businesses to target children and provide strategies to "unlock the secrets to children's hearts." As a result, marketing to children has doubled since 1992.
Food Fight by Kelly Brownell and Katherine Battle Horgen, page 102

McDonald's still leads in child-focused marketing
McDonald's spends more money on advertising and marketing than any other brand. As a result it has replaced Coca-Cola as the world's most famous brand. McDonald's operates more playgrounds than any other private entity in the United States. It is responsible for the nation's bestselling line of children's clothing (McKids) and is one of the largest distributors of toys. A survey of American schoolchildren found that 96 percent could identity Ronald McDonald. The only fictional character with a higher degree of recognition was Santa Claus. The impact of McDonald's on the way we live today is hard to overstate.
Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser, page 365

Forty percent of McDonald's advertising directly targets children. In 1998, Coca-Cola paid the Boys and Girls Clubs of America $60 million for exclusive marketing in more than 2,000 clubs.
Food Fight by Kelly Brownell and Katherine Battle Horgen, page 103

McDonald's produces commercials, advertisements, and a Web site aimed specifically at children aged eight to 13. Other fast-food companies are also developing campaigns for preteens, and Campbell Soup views "appealing to children [as] one prong of a new effort to lift sales."
Food Politics by Marion Nestle, page 179

With cable expanding and VCR use almost universal, entertainment firms entered the children's "edu-tainment" niche with a vengeance, marketing a torrent of children's programs, videos, and games. So did McDonald's, which in 1985 initiated its so-called "tweens" advertising strategy to reach older kids and adolescents.
Fat Land by Greg Critser, page 72

In 1998, 89 percent of children under age eight visited McDonald's at least once a month. Their vice president of marketing said that McDonald's goal for the following year was 100 percent. A study of nearly 10,000 children showed that 100 percent of those in the United States recognized Ronald McDonald; the figures were 98 percent in Japan and 93 percent in the United Kingdom.
Food Fight by Kelly Brownell and Katherine Battle Horgen, page 100

By the time it ended, the trial had become "one of the greatest David and Goliath stories in the history of common-law jurisprudence." Not only had the trial focused public attention on ethical issues related to McDonald's marketing to children of diets high in calories, saturated fat, and sodium, but it also had illustrated the time and expense to which a food company was willing to go to stifle criticism of such practices.
Food Politics by Marion Nestle, page 162

The real cause of obesity is embarrassingly simple: Americans consume more calories than they need to maintain a healthy body weight. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the average American consumed 500 calories more per day in 2000 than in 1970. Much of this increase is explained by the doubling in the amount of food eaten outside the home from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s, by which time restaurant and takeout food accounted for one-third of total energy consumption. Restaurants offer high-calorie foods and increased portion sizes to attract customers. [M]arketing of fast food and high-calorie snacks to children continues to become ever more sophisticated, creating an unhealthy appetite for calorie-rich foods.
Overdosed America by John Abramson MD, page 237


Merci pour l'idée.
Ce soir menu énormes frites avec 3 supergros fromages.
MIAMMIAM.
Si c'est un article, faites vous publier directement. Si c'est un commentaire faites court.
Rate :   3  0Rating :   3
EmailPermalink
Latest comment posted for this article
Si c'est un article, faites vous publier directement. Si c'est un commentaire faites court.  Read more
merisier - 8/30/2013 at 7:59 PM GMT
Rating :  3  0
Top articles
World PM Newsflow
ALL
GOLD
SILVER
PGM & DIAMONDS
OIL & GAS
OTHER METALS